Tl-speciation of aqueous samples – a review of methods and application of IC-ICP-MS/LC-MS procedures for the detection of (CH₃)₂Tl⁺and Tl⁺in river water

Atomic Spectrometry Update: review of advances in elemental speciation

“…205 A considerable portion of the review is devoted to the sources and toxicity of Tl species and the methodology employed for Tl speciation (making special emphasis in the use of IC-ICP-MS and LC-MS as techniques which allow direct analysis of Tl species without requiring transformation steps). The rst review (77 references, 18 pages) covers Tl speciation in river waters.…”

A modified method of separating Tl(I) and Tl(III) in aqueous samples using solid phase extraction

“…In nature, Tl mainly exists in two oxidation states, Tl(I) and Tl(III) [19, 20]. The different chemical forms have marked different toxicities, mobilities, and biological activities.…”

“…Therefore, it is important to determine which form of Tl is present. In recent years this has led to a significant effort to develop methods for the speciation of Tl in environmental samples [19]. The main analytical methods used to separate and pre-concentrate Tl species include solid phase extraction [22–31] and liquid chromatography [6, 19, 32–37].…”

“…In recent years this has led to a significant effort to develop methods for the speciation of Tl in environmental samples [19]. The main analytical methods used to separate and pre-concentrate Tl species include solid phase extraction [22–31] and liquid chromatography [6, 19, 32–37]. Different chromatographic techniques, such as cation exchange [6, 33, 38], anion exchange [32, 33, 36, 37], size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) [33], and reversed phase-chromatography [35] have been used to measure the redox state of Tl(I) and Tl(III) in natural samples, with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as the mass selective detector.…”

Development of the application of speciation in chemistry

“…Table 5 Application areas for speciation trace analysis [74] Element Application area for speciation analysis Aluminum Al Aggregates [75] Antimony Sb Redox forms and organoantimony compounds in the environment [76,77] Arsenic As Redox forms and organoarsenic compounds in the environment [77] Arsenic in food products [78] Forms of arsine in air [79] Cadmium Cd Cadmium in food products [80] Chromium Cr Redox forms of chromium, Cr(VI) in the environment [81,82] Lead Pb Forms of lead compounds in the environment [83] Mercury Hg Forms of mercury compounds in the environment [84][85][86] Selenium Se Inorganic and organometallic selenium compounds in the environment [87] Thallium Tl Thallium compounds in river water [88] Tellurium Te Tellurium compounds in the environment [89] Uranium U Forms of uranium compounds in seawater [90] Zinc Zn Forms of zinc compounds in the environment and food [91] The usual analytical procedure comprises filtration (to obtain the soluble and insoluble fractions), separation from the matrix and fractionation (e.g., by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), gel permeation chromatography, anion/cation exchange chromatography, CZE, ultrafiltration, dialysis or gas chromatography in the case of volatile species). The isolated species are then determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-optical emission spectrometry, ICP-MS, MS, fluorimetry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, UV-Vis, or electrochemical methods depending on the type of analyte [74].…”