Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Titanium Compounds

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Mechanical Properties 4. Corrosion Behavior 5. Occurrence 6. Production of Titanium Tetrachloride 7. Production of Titanium Sponge 7.1. Reduction of Titanium Dioxide 7.2. Reduction of Titanium Halides 7.3. Thermal Decomposition of Titanium Halides 7.4. Electrowinning of Titanium 8. Processing and Reuse of Scrap Metal 9. Processing of Titanium Sponge 10. Production and Processing of Semifinished Products 11. Titanium Alloys 11.1. α‐, (α + β)‐, and β‐Alloys 11.2. Highly Alloyed Titanium 12. Uses and Economic Aspects 13. Titanium Master Alloys 13.1. Ferrotitanium 13.1.1. Composition and Uses 13.1.2. Production 13.1.3. Economic Aspects 13.2. Titanium ‐ Aluminum 13.3. Other Master Alloys 14. Titanium Compounds 14.1. Titanium(II) Compounds 14.2. Titanium(III) Compounds 14.3. Titanium(IV) Compounds 14.4. Interstitial Compounds 15. Toxicology and Occupational Health

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by vacuum hot-pressing

“…With the increment of the processing temperature at 1100 • C the amount of diffused nitrogen through the titanium matrix increases, in agreement with the nitrogen content mea-sured by inert gas fusion technique. Stoichiometric compounds like Ti 2 N and TiN are formed even if the peaks of the solid solution ␣-Ti(N) can still be identified with their position slightly displaced towards lower diffraction angles in comparison to the peaks of ␣ titanium due to the increment of both the "a" and "c" parameters of the unit cell induced by the presence of interstitials dissolved into the titanium matrix [17,18]. Furthermore, the higher thermal energy available in the system promotes the formation of tita-nium borides, both TiB and TiB 2 , on the base of the reactions that normally take place between titanium and boron nitride such as Ti + 2BN → TiB 2 + N 2 and Ti + BN → TiB + 1/2N 2 [19].…”

Synthesis Attempt and Structural Studies of Novel A2CeWO6 Double Perovskites (A2+ = Ba, Ca) in and outside of Ambient Conditions

“…Since CaWO 4 is already a well-known material, 47 − 49 we have decided to synthesize and describe the pure, novel Ca 3 Ce 2 W 2 O 12 (CCWO) as a side-effect, rhombohedral phase because, according to Vasala and Karpinen, 3 unreported ilmenite-like structures carry also some significance for scientists. 50 They are very popular byproducts achieved after unsuccessful DPs synthesis attempts, especially if the prognosed GS factor is too low (<0.89). To see how our products statistically place themselves among others, already-synthesized compounds, see the modified Vasala and Karpinen 3 charts in the Figure S1 .…”

Soft x‐ray absorption spectroscopy study of oxide layers on titanium alloys

“…1,2 The main advantage of these materials is the high strength/weight ratio, which is one of the highest among the metallic materials. On the other hand, the excellent corrosion resistance of pure Ti is the result of the spontaneous formation of a protective native oxide layer on its surface, called the passive layer.…”