Titanium oxide and chemical inhomogeneity in the atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-189b

Prinoth, Bibiana; Hoeijmakers, H. Jens; Kitzmann, Daniel; Sandvik, Elin; Seidel, Julia V.; Lendl, Monika; Borsato, Nicholas W.; Thorsbro, Brian; Anderson, David R.; Barrado, David; Kravchenko, Kateryna; Allart, Romain; Bourrier, Vincent; Cegla, Heather M.; Ehrenreich, David; Fisher, Chloe; Lovis, Christophe; Guzmán-Mesa, Andrea; Grimm, Simon; Hooton, Matthew; Morris, Brett M.; Oreshenko, Maria; Pino, Lorenzo; Heng, Kevin

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.12732

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Therefore, both the CO and Fe i signals deviated from the systemic RV with a positive value, indicating that the dayside emission lines have a redshifted RV. Interestingly, recently detected transmission signals of WASP-189b (Stangret et al 2021;Prinoth et al 2022) show a blueshifted RV of several km s −1 . In particular, the trans- mission Fe i lines have a ∆ of -3.6 ± 0.4 km s −1 .…”

Section: Signature Of Atmospheric Circulationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For WASP-33b, hydrogen Balmer lines and Ca ii have been detected in its transmission spectrum (Yan et al 2019(Yan et al , 2021 and emission lines of Fe i, OH, TiO, and Si i have been discovered on WASP-33b's dayside. For WASP-189b, Fe i emission lines have been detected in its dayside atmosphere (Yan et al 2020), and various chemical species (e.g., Fe i, Fe ii, Ti i, Cr i, and TiO) have been detected in its transmission spectrum (Stangret et al 2021;Prinoth et al 2022). The detected transmission lines of these species have different radial velocities (RVs), indicating a three-dimensional thermo-chemical stratification at the terminator of WASP-189b (Prinoth et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

Yan,

Pallé,

Reiners

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are expected to possess temperature inversion layers in their dayside atmospheres. Recent thermal emission observations have discovered several atomic and molecular species along with temperature inversions in UHJs. We observed the thermal emission spectra of two UHJs (WASP-33b and WASP-189b) with the GIANO-B high-resolution near-infrared spectrograph. Using the cross-correlation technique, we detected carbon monoxide (CO) in the dayside atmospheres of both planets. The detected CO lines are in emission, which agrees with previous discoveries of iron emission lines and temperature inversions in the two planets. This is the first detection of CO lines in emission with high-resolution spectroscopy. Further retrieval work combining the CO lines with other spectral features will enable a comprehensive understanding of the atmospheric properties such as temperature structures and C/O ratios. The detected CO and iron emission lines of WASP-189b have redshifted radial velocities of several km s −1 , which likely originate from a dayside to nightside wind in its atmosphere. Such a redshifted velocity has not been detected for the emission lines of WASP-33b, suggesting that the atmospheric circulation patterns of the two UHJs may be different.

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Section: Signature Of Atmospheric Circulationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

Yan,

Pallé,

Reiners

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…As a consequence, we expect that the K p measurements from different species might be dissimilar (e.g. Wardenier et al 2021;Rainer et al 2021;Prinoth et al 2022;Kesseli et al 2022).…”

Section: Detection Of Fe II In Kelt-9 Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exoplanet atmospheres at high resolution through a modest-size telescope. Fe II in MASCARA-2b and KELT-9b with FIES on the Nordic Optical Telescope

Bello-Arufe,

Buchhave,

Mendonça

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Ground-based, high-resolution spectrographs are providing us with an unprecedented view of the dynamics and chemistry of the atmospheres of planets outside the Solar System. While there is a large number of stable and precise high-resolution spectrographs on modest-size telescopes, it is the spectrographs at observatories with apertures larger than 3.5 metres that dominate the atmospheric follow-up of exoplanets. In this work, we explore the potential of characterising exoplanetary atmospheres with FIES, a high-resolution spectrograph at the 2.56 metre Nordic Optical Telescope. We observed two transits of MASCARA-2 b (also known as KELT-20 b) and one transit of KELT-9 b to search for atomic iron, a species that has been recently discovered in both neutral and ionised forms in the atmospheres of these ultra-hot Jupiters using large telescopes. Using a cross-correlation method, we detect a signal of Fe II at the 4.5σ and 4.0σ level in the transits of MASCARA-2 b. We also detect Fe II in the transit of KELT-9 b at the 8.5σ level. Although we do not find any significant Doppler shift in the signal of MASCARA-2 b, we do measure a moderate blueshift (3-6 km s −1 ) of the feature in KELT-9 b, which might be a manifestation of high-velocity winds transporting Fe II from the planetary dayside to the nightside. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of investigating exoplanet atmospheres with FIES, potentially unlocking a wealth of additional atmosphere detections with this and other high-resolution spectrographs mounted on similar-size telescopes.

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“…For example, Ben-Yami et al (2020) reported a detection of Fe + absorption in WASP-121 b while Hoeijmakers et al (2020b) reported a non-detection based on the same data, recently reinforced byMerritt et al (2021). Some results are poorly understood, such as the strong detection of metal ions inMASCARA-2 b (Casasayas-Barris et al 2020;Hoeijmakers et al 2020a) that is significantly cooler than WASP-121 b, or an apparent lack of metal absorption in the transmission spectrum of MASCARA-5 b(Stangret et al 2021), while the spectrum of the similar WASP-189 b is rich(Prinoth et al 2021).…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

The Mantis Network I: A standard grid of templates and masks for cross-correlation analyses of ultra-hot Jupiter transmission spectra

Kitzmann¹,

Hoeijmakers²,

Grimm³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The atmospheres of ultra-hot Jupiters are highly interesting and unique chemical laboratories. Due to the very high atmospheric temperatures, formation of aerosols is unlikely on their day-sides. Furthermore, molecules usually present in atmospheres of other extrasolar gas giants are mostly dissociated, yielding a chemical composition dominated by atoms and ions instead. Thus, these planets offer the potential of detailed chemical characterisation by directly detecting elements through high-resolution day-side and transit spectroscopy. This allows, in principle, to directly infer the element abundances of these objects, which may provide crucial constraints on their formation process and evolution history. In atmospheres of cooler planets, deriving metallicities is much more complicated because elements are usually bound in a multitude of molecules or even condensates. In the recent past, several chemical species, mostly in the form of atoms and ions, have already been detected using high-resolution spectroscopy in combination with the cross-correlation technique. With this study, we provide a grid of standard templates designed to be used together with the cross-correlation method. This allows for straightforward detection of chemical species in the atmospheres of hot extrasolar planets. In total, we calculate high-resolution templates for more than 140 different species across several atmospheric temperatures. In addition to the high-resolution templates, we also provide line masks that just include the position of line peaks and their absorption depths relative to the spectral continuum. A separate version of these line masks also takes potential blending effects with lines of other species into account. All templates and line masks are publicly available on the CDS data server.

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Titanium oxide and chemical inhomogeneity in the atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-189b

Cited by 6 publications

References 65 publications

Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

Exoplanet atmospheres at high resolution through a modest-size telescope. Fe II in MASCARA-2b and KELT-9b with FIES on the Nordic Optical Telescope

The Mantis Network I: A standard grid of templates and masks for cross-correlation analyses of ultra-hot Jupiter transmission spectra

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