Titanium Dioxide/Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Modified Pencil Graphite Sensor for Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Propranolol in Real Samples

Abstract

A very effective electrochemical sensor for the analysis of propranolol was constructed using TiO2/MWCNT film deposited on the pencil graphite electrode as modifier. The modified electrode represented excellent electrochemical properties such as fast response, high sensitivity and low detection limit. The proposed sensor showed an excellent selective response to propranolol in the presence of foreign species and other drugs. The electrochemical features of the modified electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique which indicated a decrease in resistance of the modified electrode versus bare PGE and MWCNT/PGE. The surface morphology for the modified electrode was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Differential pulse technique (DPV) was used to determine propranolol which showed a good analytical response in the linear range of 8.5×10−8‐6.5×10−6 M with a limit of detection 2.1×10−8 M. The TiO2/MWCNT/PGE sensor was conveniently applied for the measurement of propranolol in biological and pharmaceutical media.

Simultaneous Trace Electrochemical Determination of Xanthine Theophylline and Theobromine with a Novel Sensor Based on a Composite Including Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotube and Nano‐Na‐montmorillonite Clay

“…EDX spectrum of NiO/PGE (Figure S2a) is evident for the presence of NiO NPs on the electrode surface [25,35]. EDX spectrum of MWCNT/PGE (Figure S2b), on the other hand, contains only C and O elements that appeared in the composite film [36]. In the case of NNaM/PGE (Figure S2c), the characteristic elements in the structure of NNaM clay were observed [37].…”

“…NiO/PGE surface, on the other hand, it is seen that the chitosan molecules in the composite solution covered the layered and irregular graphite surface, NiO NPs stood like electrochemical perception points on this chitosan covered PGE surface [25,35]. The MWCNT/PGE surface is completely different from the bPGE surface due to MWCNTs' characteristic 3D structure (Figure1c) [36]. On the NNaM/PGE surface, it was observed that NNaM took a porous position outward on the surface covered with chitosan.…”

Recent Developments in Voltammetric Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Using Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

“…Other modified PGEs were manufactured by dip [17,61,69,87,88,90,92,127,132,133] or spin coating [48,[50][51][52]125,126,134]. Drop coating was applied to produce Mo 5 O 8 /PGE [34], Trypan blue-modified PGEs [44], different CNT-modified PGEs [47,57,58,68], or PGEs covered with various modifiers [41,49,62,65,135].…”

“…As was already stated, modified PGEs have superior electrochemical performance characteristics when compared with the bare ones. For example, propranolol exhibited a small oxidation peak for the unmodified PGE, while for the MWCNT/PGE and TiO 2 /MWCNT/PGE, the peak currents were higher and the potentials shifted due to the presence of carbon nanotubes and TiO 2 nanoparticles, which enhanced the electroactive surface area and reduced the electron transfer resistance [132]. A similar behavior was observed for paroxetine, whose weak oxidation signal for the bare PGE increased with the rGO/PGE and furthermore for the PWA/rGO/PGE, along with a decrease in the peak potential [64].…”

A Novel Voltametric Measurements of Beta Blocker Drug Propranolol on Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon Black Nanoparticles

“…The most important part of each voltammetric system is the working electrode (WE). For propranolol determination, different types of solid electrodes were used, e.g., glassy carbon electrode (GCE) [13,14], graphite electrode (GE) [15,16], carbon paste electrode (CPE) [17,18], boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE) [19], and screen printed electrode (SPE) [20,21]. A recent trend in electrochemical methods has focused on the modification of solid electrodes (GCE, CPE, GE, and SPE) in order to improve their performance.…”