Titanium and Zirconium

Waggaman, William H.; Gee, Edwin A.

doi:10.1021/cen-v026n006.p377

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Research by the Bureau of Mines, however, has resulted in a process for production of ductile metal, and current pilot plant tests have advanced to batches of 200 pounds. Previous publications describe the method of preparation and physical characteristics of titanium and zirconium, produced by a modification of the Kroll process (6,10).…”

Section: Titanium and Zirconium Corrosion Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium and Zirconium Corrosion Studies

Gee¹,

Golden²,

Lusby³

1949

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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were encountered. Under tank condibions the ycast was subject t o variation or degeneration and yielded substrains which did not produce riboflavin. A larger inoculum was required since this organism did not grow as rapidly as Candida guillieimondiu, Therefore a new medium was developed to obtain vigorous growth in the inoculum phase. The composition of t,his medium was as fo1lon.s: Sucrose 40 grams per liter Defatted soya flour (trypsin 10 grams per liter Calcium carbonate 5 grams per liter digested 2 hours a t 37' C.) Shake flasks containing 100 nil. of this medium ~w r e st>er and inoculated from slants. Owing to the high iron level of this medium no more than 100 ml. could be added to a 23-liter f c~ mentation. This volume of inoculum did not supp cells to combat contaniinati0n; therefore, an intermed inoculum stage was introduced. Six liters of niedimn 4B \vert; sterilized in a bottle fitted with a porous candle aerator and ari air filter. The urea n-as sterilized separately to avoid decomposition. -4fter cooling, the urea was added to the sterile medium and 107' by volume of 24-hour soya medium shake culture was added as inoculum. During 20 to 24 hours' growth at) 30" C. under vigorous aeration, the pH fell from 6.2 to 5.0 or loircr. Five per cent of this culture TWS then used to inoculate 24 liters of nonsterile medium 4B. Using t,his technique, pot,encies as high as 3257 per nil. were obtained, but in some runs the above yields n-ere not obtained for unknown reasons. A summary of data from one experiment involving t,hree tanks using the above technique is given in Figure 2. The curve of riboflaviii production is closely related to the yeast growth curve.I t was felt that a possible csplanat,ion for the occasional failures in the tanks might be due to the sterilized medium used in the secpnd stage of inoculum culture. -4 new technique was developed which eliminated the usc of st>erilc medium. -4 sinal1 volume (1 to 3 liters) of nonsterile medium 413 mas inoculated with 100 ml. of soya medium culture and acratcd as 1x;fore. B s the growth increased, nonsterile medium 4B was added to maintain a constant but high ratio of cells to volume. When a volume of 6 liters was reached (pH 4.0 to 5.5), the entire stagc was used as inoculum for 18 liters of nonsterile medium 4B.Using this procedure, a series of 81 experimental 24-lit,er tanks were run in order to determine the average yield and reproducibility of this method. Of these 81 tanks, 03 ivere not contaniinat,ed, while 16 tanks viere low in potency due to coiitarnination and 2 were low due to the failure of the agitation system. The average riboflavin potency of all t,hc t,anlrs was 1617 per ml.The average potency of the 63 iioncontaminated tanks was 1917 per nil. The distribution of riboflavin yields among these 63 tanks is tabulated below: 01-er 300-, por ml. Between 200 and 3007 per inl. Between 100 and 2 0 0 y per ml.

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Section: Titanium and Zirconium Corrosion Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium and Zirconium Corrosion Studies

Gee¹,

Golden²,

Lusby³

1949

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…Raynor (13) pointed out that in addition to excellent acid-corrosion resistance, zirconium will •withstand hot, concentrated caustic solutions and probably will find many applications requiring resistance to both acid and basic conditions. Waggaman (15) stated that zirconium appears equal or superior to tantalum in corrosion resistance to concentrated mineral acids and has the additional advantage of being lighter in weight, more plentiful, and cheaper, to produce. Mentioned among possible substitute uses for tantalum are metal parts coming into contact with acids such as mixers, conversion heaters, stills, pipes, valves, and tank linings.…”

Section: Outstandingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embrittlement of Zirconium and Tantalum in Hydrochloric Acid

Golden¹,

Lane²,

Acherman³

1953

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…One large induction coil (8) surrounds the silica shell, while a second smaller coil (9) is located around the directing pipe between the crucible and the mold. Several argon inlets (10) are provided for flushing wells and maintaining atmosphere, while gas is vented (11) from the top of the furnace. One-half inch (1.27 cm) transite sheets are used for top (12) and bottom (13) supports.…”

Section: Journal Of the Electrochemical Society February 1950mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first, as practiced by the Bureau of Mines, the reaction mass is turned from the reaction pot on a lathe and the chips leached with cold HC1 to remove the majority of both contaminants. The chips are washed, ground to the desired size of powder, given a second leaching in dilute HC1, then rewashed and dried at room temperature (10). Metal prepared in this fashion has a tendency to be gassy and, for many operations, must be vacuum sintered before use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Titanium

Gee¹,

VanDerhoef²,

Winter³

1950

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Titanium is assuming increasing importance as a potentially valuable material of construction. Relatively light, with good strength and attractive corrosion resistance, it may some day fill the present structural gap between aluminum and alloy steel. New techniques for consolidation, fabrication, and utilization are being developed, although many difficult problems remain to be solved. The large number of laboratories directing their resources toward its exploitation insures an increasing supply of data for evaluation with regard to our present metal use pattern.

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Titanium and Zirconium

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Titanium and Zirconium Corrosion Studies

Titanium and Zirconium Corrosion Studies

Embrittlement of Zirconium and Tantalum in Hydrochloric Acid

Recent Developments in Titanium

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