Tissue transplantation immunity in the adult newt, <i>Diemictylus viridescens</i>. III. The effects of X‐irradiation and temperature on the allograft reaction

Cohen, Nicholas

doi:10.1002/jez.1401630302

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Synthesis of antimicrobial skin peptides by Rana sylvatica is inhibited by cold (Matutte et al 2000), although frog skin peptides can inactivate Ranaviruses at temperatures as low as 0°C (Chinchar et al 2001). Adult newts Diemictylus viridescens required 1.7 times longer to reject allografts at 20°C than at 23°C (Cohen 1966). The change in allograft rejection time mirrors the dramatic difference found in our study between virus-induced mortality and infectivity at 26 and 18°C.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

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Influence of temperature on Ranavirus infection in larval salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum

Rojas¹,

Richards²,

Jancovich³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

112

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Temperature strongly influenced percent mortality and time to death of salamanders exposed to the Ambystoma tigrinum virus (iridovirus) (ATV). Most salamanders survived when exposed at 26°C, whereas all died at 18°C and nearly all died at 10°C. Some asymptomatic salamanders that survived 60 d at 10 or 26°C were found to be carrying virus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of virus in ATV-exposed salamanders but was found to be less sensitive than cell culture in detecting ATV at low concentrations. PCR products were 100% identical to ATV in the major capsid protein sequence. Virus titer was higher in salamanders held at 10°C than at 18°C but little virus, if any, was present in the small number of salamanders that died at 26°C. These results may help explain periodic viral epizootics in field populations of A. tigrinum where water temperatures fluctuate widely. KEY WORDS: Epizootic · Cell culture · Iridovirus · Mortality Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 63: [95][96][97][98][99][100] 2005 MATERIALS AND METHODSGeneral methods. ATV was cultured using epithelioma papilloma cyprini (EPC) cells (Fijan et al. 1983). Plaque and TCID 50 (tissue culture infectious dose 50 ; Reed & Muench 1938) assays employing EPC cells were used to estimate the concentration of virus used in each experiment. Three to 4 mo old Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum larvae originated from stock held in the laboratory for at least 2 generations. No mortality due to possible virus infection was observed in the rearing facility during this period. During the experiments, each salamander was held individually in 300 ml of water in a Zip Lock ® (S. C. Johnson) container and water was changed weekly. Salamanders were fed brine shrimp Artemia sp. 3 times a week and observed daily. Salamanders that died were stored at -70°C. At the end of each experiment, body wall samples were taken from all dead larvae and tail clips from surviving salamanders for virus detection. Each sample was placed in a Stomacher ® (Seward) bag containing 2 ml of Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) + 2% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) + penicillin-streptomycin-neomycin (PSN; Sigma) + diatomaceous earth powder, and homogenized in a Stomacher device. The homogenate was centrifuged at 9000 × g for 10 min and the supernatant was stored at -80°C. Supernatant (100 µl) was inoculated onto EPC cells in each well of 12-or 24-well plates, the preparation was rocked for 1 h and then 1 ml of MEM + 10% FBS + PSN was added. Cells were incubated at 22°C under 5% CO 2 and observed for 2 wk for cytopathic effect (CPE). Samples showing no CPE were passed through 2 further sets of EPC cells to confirm the presence or absence of virus.To determine the multiplication of virus at the 3 experimental temperatures, replicate EPC cultures in 24-well plates were inoculated with dilutions of ATV and held at 10, 18 or 26°C for 10 to 16 d. Development of CPE was observed and TCID 50 was calculated during incubation.In order ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…For example, allograft rejection in newts is significantly delayed at temperatures below 23°C (Cohen 1966). In cell culture, ATV can multiply between 15 and 31°C (Jancovich 1999), which is very close to the reported preferred temperature range of Ambystoma tigrinum (16 to 31°C) (Lucas & Reynolds 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Influence of temperature on Ranavirus infection in larval salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum

Rojas¹,

Richards²,

Jancovich³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

112

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“…For example, allograft rejection in newts is delayed significantly at temperatures < 23°C (Cohen 1966). In cell culture, the Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) can multiply at a temperature range between 15 and 31°C (Jancovich 1999), which is very close to the reported preferred temperature range of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (Lucas & Reynolds 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Influence of temperature shifts on the onset and development of red sea bream iridoviral disease in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus

Jun¹,

Jeong²,

Kim³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The effects of various water temperature treatments on the development of red sea bream iridovirus disease (RSIVD) in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus challenged with iridovirus Sachun (IVS-1) were determined by measuring the mortality and the viral concentration in the spleen of infected fish. Experimental infections of rock bream with IVS-1 at water temperatures of 18, 21, and 25°C resulted in a cumulative mortality of 100%, but infections at 13°C resulted in 0% mortality, even after 45 d. The disease progressed more rapidly at higher water temperatures; at 25, 21, and 18°C, the mean numbers of days until death were 17, 20, and 30 d, respectively. When the water temperature for fish infected with iridovirus by intramuscular injection was shifted from 13 to 25°C, the cumulative mortality reached 100%, with rapid onset of the disease, independent of the time at which the temperature was shifted, i.e. 7, 14, or 30 d after injection at 13°C. Real-time PCR data revealed that the viral genome copy number in the spleen of rock bream maintained at 13°C increased with time, suggesting the occurrence of viral replication even at 13°C. In the reverse experiment, when the water temperature for fish that were infected at a higher temperature was shifted to 13°C, 3 or 7 d after injection at 25°C, the fish showed 100% cumulative mortality, although the mean number of days until death was higher than that observed for fish maintained at a constant temperature of 25°C. The viral DNA concentration in the spleen of rock bream that had been shifted down to 13°C, 3 or 7 d after injection at 25°C, was not suppressed, but increased and eventually reached levels sufficient to induce mortality at 13°C. However, the level of viral genome copy numbers in the spleen of dead fish at 25°C, regardless of whether those fish were held at a constant temperature of 25°C or shifted up from 13°C, appeared to be greater than the level found in the dead fish shifted down to 13°C after inoculation at 25°C. KEY WORDS: Temperature shift · Iridovirus · Oplegnathus fasciatus · QuantificationResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…For example, continued exposure to 5°C reduces T-lymphocyte proliferative ability and complement activity in Rana pipiens (Green and Cohen, 1977;Maniero and Carey, 1997) and inhibits antimicrobial peptide synthesis in R. sylvatica (Matutte et al, 2000). Conversely, warm (and constant) temperatures increase resistance of Ambystoma tigrinum larvae to Ranavirus (Rojas et al, 2005) and accelerate allograft rejection in R. esculenta, Bombina bombina, Bufo bufo and Diemictylus viridescens (Cohen, 1966;Jozkowicz and Plytycz, 1998). Yet most natural habitats do not maintain constant temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that a modest temperature change [e.g. 3°C (Cohen, 1966)] can have a significant impact on amphibian immune function, it seems logical that continuously fluctuating temperatures would have important consequences for disease resistance. Variable temperatures might influence amphibian immune function by: (1) triggering a thermal stress response, (2) directly affecting immune cell or protein activity, or (3) allowing a pathogen to acclimate to the thermal environment more quickly than its amphibian host [i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune function

Terrell

Quintero

Murray

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYEctothermic species living in temperate regions can experience rapid and potentially stressful changes in body temperature driven by abrupt weather changes. Yet, among amphibians, the physiological impacts of short-term temperature variation are largely unknown. Using an ex situ population of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, an aquatic North American salamander, we tested the hypothesis that naturally occurring periods of temperature variation negatively impact amphibian health, either through direct effects on immune function or by increasing physiological stress. We exposed captive salamanders to repeated cycles of temperature fluctuations recorded in the population's natal stream and evaluated behavioral and physiological responses, including plasma complement activity (i.e. bacteria killing) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. The best-fit model (ΔAIC c =0, w i =0.9992) revealed 70% greater P. aeruginosa killing after exposure to variable temperatures and no evidence of thermal acclimation. The same model predicted 50% increased E. coli killing, but had weaker support (ΔAIC c =1.8, w i =0.2882). In contrast, plasma defenses were ineffective against A. hydrophila, and other health indicators (leukocyte ratios, growth rates and behavioral patterns) were maintained at baseline values. Our data suggest that amphibians can tolerate, and even benefit from, natural patterns of rapid warming/cooling. Specifically, temperature variation can elicit increased activity of the innate immune system. This immune response may be adaptive in an unpredictable environment, and is undetectable by conventional health indicators (and hence considered cryptic). Our findings highlight the need to consider naturalistic patterns of temperature variation when predicting species' susceptibility to climate change.

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Tissue transplantation immunity in the adult newt, Diemictylus viridescens. III. The effects of X‐irradiation and temperature on the allograft reaction

Cited by 29 publications

References 10 publications

Influence of temperature on Ranavirus infection in larval salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum

Influence of temperature on Ranavirus infection in larval salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum

Influence of temperature shifts on the onset and development of red sea bream iridoviral disease in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus

Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune function

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