Optical imaging of gene expression by RNA-fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) in whole-mount sensory appendages of insects is often impeded by their highly pigmented cuticle. Since most chemical bleaching agents are incompatible with imaging fluorescentlabelled nucleotides, we developed a RNA interference-based method for clearing cuticular pigmentation that allows imaging of fluorescent mRNA in whole-mount appendages of insects. Silencing key genes of the tyrosine-derived pigmentation pathway by injecting dsRNA of laccase2 or tyrosine hydroxylase in two leaf beetles species (Chrysomela populi, Phaedon cochleariae) resulted in clearance of the highly pigmented cuticle and in significant decreased light absorbance. Intact chemosensory appendages (palps, antennae and legs) from RNAi-cleared individuals were used to image expression and spatial distribution of antisense mRNA of two chemosensory genes (gustatory receptor, odorant-binding protein) via RNA FISH and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Imaging of these genes did neither work for RNAi-controls (dsGfp) due to retained pigmentation, nor for FISH-controls using sense mRNA. Furthermore, we show that several chemical bleaching agents are not feasible with FISH, either due to significant degradation of polynucleotides, lack of clearing efficacy or long incubation times. Overall, silencing pigmentation genes is a significant improvement over bleaching agents allowing fluorescence imaging in whole-mount appendages and organs.. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.The copyright holder for this preprint . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/318535 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online May. 10, 2018; 2
Main textOptical imaging in combination with in situ fluorescent labelling is a powerful method to elucidate spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression and to identify cellular circuits in biological systems 1 . For optimal image sharpness and resolution in fluorescence microscopy, samples should ideally be transparent. However, most tissues or appendages appear opaque and may be coloured by pigments. These obstacles prevent imaging at high depth -or any optical penetration at all -into tissue due to light absorption and scattering, respectively 2 .Thus, sharp imaging, especially deep into a tissue volume such as from whole-mount preparations, becomes strongly limited. Alternatively, physical serial sectioning in ultra-thin slices may be performed; however, correcting single slices for alignment, geometric distortion and staining variation is time-demanding and can be error-prone . Other bleaching protocols for whole insects with brownish bodies require at least three weeks of incubation 16,17 . Since many insect species such as beetles often possess a particular thick, hard and pigmented cuticle, here we present a novel methodological strategy that combines both specific and effective clearing of cuticula...