Tissue‐specific <scp>FLAGELLIN</scp>‐<scp>SENSING</scp> 2 (<scp>FLS</scp>2) expression in roots restores immune responses in <scp>A</scp>rabidopsis <i>fls2</i> mutants

Wyrsch, Ines; Domínguez-Ferreras, Ana; Geldner, Niko; Boller, Thomas

doi:10.1111/nph.13280

Cited by 65 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…Detection of SCMV in the samples was performed using an antiserum specific for SCMV CP with a secondary antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase with phosphatase activity detected using nitroblue tetrazolium/5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolylphosphate (NBT/BCIP) (Roche) (Xia et al ., ). Quantification of CP was estimated using ImageJ software (http://imagej.net/) as described by Wyrsch et al ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maize phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases contribute to resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus infection, most likely through positive regulation of salicylic acid accumulation

Wen

Jiang

et al. 2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Summary Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a pathogen of worldwide importance that causes dwarf mosaic disease on maize (Zea mays). Until now, few maize genes/proteins have been shown to be involved in resistance to SCMV. In this study, we characterized the role of maize phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases (ZmPALs) in accumulation of the defence signal salicylic acid (SA) and in resistance to virus infection. SCMV infection significantly increased SA accumulation and expression of SA‐responsive pathogenesis‐related protein genes (PRs). Interestingly, exogenous SA treatment decreased SCMV accumulation and enhanced resistance. Both reverse transcription‐coupled quantitative PCR and RNA‐Seq data confirmed that expression levels of at least four ZmPAL genes were significantly up‐regulated upon SCMV infection. Knockdown of ZmPAL expression led to enhanced SCMV infection symptom severity and virus multiplication, and simultaneously resulted in decreased SA accumulation and PR gene expression. Intriguingly, application of exogenous SA to SCMV‐infected ZmPAL‐silenced maize plants decreased SCMV accumulation, showing that ZmPALs are required for SA‐mediated resistance to SCMV infection. In addition, lignin measurements and metabolomic analysis showed that ZmPALs are also involved in SCMV‐induced lignin accumulation and synthesis of other secondary metabolites via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In summary, our results indicate that ZmPALs are required for SA accumulation in maize and are involved in resistance to virus infection by limiting virus accumulation and moderating symptom severity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maize phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases contribute to resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus infection, most likely through positive regulation of salicylic acid accumulation

Wen

Jiang

et al. 2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

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“…We therefore focused on the response at 2 h post elicitor treatment to capture the initial primary differences between flg22 and Pep1-triggered immunity pathways, prior to secondary activation of cross-talking networks and later PTI responses such as development and growth-related gene networks as a result of PTI-induced growth inhibition (observed at 4 d post elictor treatment. In addition, previous studies have demonstrated PEPR1/2 and FLS2 protein abundance in these cell types and the fast movement of flg22 and Pep1 reaching pericycle cells within a few minutes (Wyrsch et al, 2015; Ortiz-Morea et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Representing the interface with the soil environment, the epidermis and cortex are expected to be crucial for root protection against pathogen invasion. As pericycle cells, the outermost cell layer of the inner root tissue, guard the vasculature and were recently shown to be highly responsive to immune elicitors (Wyrsch et al, 2015). Therefore, pericycle, epidermis and cortex cells were selected for our transcriptional analyses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaves, for instance, elicited with the MAMP flg22 (the active epitope of bacterial flagellin, recognised by the PRR FLS2) activate PTI responses including the rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS burst), MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) phosphorylation and induction of immunity genes to stop pathogen infection (Felix et al, 1999; Gómez-Gómez et al, 1999; Asai et al, 2002; Zipfel et al, 2004). Similarly, root cells recognise MAMPs such as flg22 by FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) to trigger effective PTI (Millet et al, 2010; Jacobs et al, 2011; Beck et al, 2014; Wyrsch et al, 2015; Poncini et al, 2017). In addition to MAMPs, plants produce damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upon pathogen recognition as part of PTI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motivated by recent findings suggesting distinct competences of different root cell types in launching PTI (Wyrsch et al, 2015), we studied the contribution of different root cell types to PTI activation. Here we describe the transcriptional networks of three Arabidopsis root cell types; epidermis, cortex and pericycle, following treatment by flg22 and Pep1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell type identity determines transcriptomic immune responses inArabidopsis thalianaroots

Rich

Reitz

Eichmann

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Root pathogens are a major threat in global crop production and protection strategies are required to sustainably enhance the efficiency of root immunity. Our understanding of root immunity is still limited relative to our knowledge of immune responses in leaves. In an effort to reveal the organisation of immunity in roots, we undertook a cell type-specific transcriptome analysis to identify gene networks activated in epidermis, cortex and pericycle cells of Arabidopsis roots upon treatment with two immunity elicitors, the bacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern flagellin, and the endogenous damageassociated molecular pattern Pep1. Our analyses revealed that both elicitors induced immunity gene networks in a cell type-specific manner. Interestingly, both elicitors did not alter cell identity-determining gene networks. Using sophisticated paired motif promoter analyses, we identified key transcription factor pairs involved in the regulation of cell typespecific immunity networks. In addition, our data show that cell identity networks integrate with cell immunity networks to activate cell type-specific immune response according to the functional capabilities of each cell type.All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.(which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.

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Gnotobiotic Plant Systems for Reconstitution and Functional Studies of the Root Microbiota

Ordon

Schulze‐Lefert

2022

Current Protocols

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Healthy plants host a multi-kingdom community of microbes, which is known as the plant microbiota. Amplicon sequencing technologies for microbial genomic markers were a milestone in revealing the taxonomic composition of the microbiota and its variation associated with a plant host in natural environments. However, this method alone does not allow conclusions to be drawn about functions of these microbial assemblages for the plant. The development of culture collections, which recapitulate natural microbial communities in their diversity, and multiple gnotobiotic plant systems therefore represent a breakthrough in plant-microbiota research such that plants can be inoculated with defined communities to study proposed microbiota functions. These systems provided, for the root microbiota, first insights into mechanisms underlying microbial community establishment and contributions of its microbial members to indirect pathogen protection and mineral nutrition of the host. We argue that the choice of a gnotobiotic system for microbiota reconstitution and subsequent functional analysis depends on the particular plant trait that is influenced by the microbiota. We start by discussing the advantages and limitations of using individual gnotobiotic systems and then describe the general procedures for preparing bacterial cultures from the Arabidopsis thaliana At-R-SPHERE culture collection for inoculation and cocultivation in two gnotobiotic plant growth systems using agar and perlite matrix. Additionally, a protocol for inoculation of plants with opportunistic Pseudomonas pathogens is provided. Lastly, we describe a high-throughput system for visual assessment of roots after inoculation with individual mutants of a transposon library generated from a root-derived bacterial commensal.

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Tissue‐specific FLAGELLIN‐SENSING 2 (FLS2) expression in roots restores immune responses in Arabidopsis fls2 mutants

Cited by 65 publications

References 48 publications

Maize phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases contribute to resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus infection, most likely through positive regulation of salicylic acid accumulation

Maize phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases contribute to resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus infection, most likely through positive regulation of salicylic acid accumulation

Cell type identity determines transcriptomic immune responses inArabidopsis thalianaroots

Gnotobiotic Plant Systems for Reconstitution and Functional Studies of the Root Microbiota

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