Tissue-Specific In Vivo Bioconcentration of Pharmaceuticals in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Using Space-Resolved Solid-Phase Microextraction

Abstract

The space-resolved solid-phase microextraction (SR-SPME) technique was employed to study the tissue-specific bioconcentration of pharmaceuticals in live fish. The segmented design of the SPME fibers allowed for the simultaneous determination of pharmaceutical residues in fish dorsal-epaxial muscle and adipose tissue with a single SPME fiber. The miniaturized fiber endowed the technique with high spatial resolution allowing for quantification of analytes within adjacent, relatively small tissues of immature rainbow trout. The pre-equilibrium sampling and kinetic calibration approach yielded efficient and accurate quantitation of pharmaceuticals in fish tissue. The ability of the SPME method to repeatedly sample the same fish circumvents problems arising from interanimal variation, thus improving the precision of generated bioconcentration kinetic profiles. In vivo monitoring with SR-SPME was validated with in vitro liquid extraction of tissue samples using methanol. Of the nine compounds evaluated, five (atrazine, gemfibrozil, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and fluoxetine) bioconcentrated in adipose and muscle tissue over the eight exposure days. Although the accumulation of analytes in both tissues was positively correlated, each compound partitioned with differing affinities as modified by their hydrophobicity and unique molecular structure. Water samples analyzed using the SPME technique yielded results similar to those determined by solid-phase extraction (SPE); however, SPME was more rapid and operationally much simpler. This study illustrates the application conditions for in situ SR-SPME while demonstrating the potential of these miniaturized SPME fibers for simultaneous in vivo repeated sampling of multiple tissues.

Uptake and depuration of pharmaceuticals in reclaimed water by mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki): A worst‐case, multiple‐exposure scenario

“…The BCFs for carbamazepine in mosquito fish (ranging from 0.87 to 1.4) were also in agreement with the tissue BCF of 0.52 in rainbow trout [21]. Ibuprofen, however, appeared to bioconcentrate less in rainbow trout (BCF 1.5) [21] than it did in mosquito fish (BCF 29) in the present study.…”

Assessment of the Occurrence and Potential Risks of Pharmaceuticals and their Metabolites in Fish and Water Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

“…BCFs calculated for carbamazepine, diltiazem, and ibuprofen in this study were in reasonably good agreement (within one order of magnitude) with plasma BCFs reported in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposed to treated sewage effluents . BCFs for carbamazepine in mosquito fish (ranging from 0.87 to 1.4) were also in agreement with tissue BCF of 0.52 in rainbow trout (Zhang et al 2010). Ibuprofen however, appeared to bioconcentrate less in rainbow trout (BCF of 1.5) (Zhang et al 2010) Lastly, when constructing graphs (Figure 4.2) of calculated BCFs vs Log K ow , excellent positive relationships were observed for all compounds, with the exception of caffeine that had to be excluded from the plots.…”

“…BCFs for carbamazepine in mosquito fish (ranging from 0.87 to 1.4) were also in agreement with tissue BCF of 0.52 in rainbow trout (Zhang et al 2010). Ibuprofen however, appeared to bioconcentrate less in rainbow trout (BCF of 1.5) (Zhang et al 2010) Lastly, when constructing graphs (Figure 4.2) of calculated BCFs vs Log K ow , excellent positive relationships were observed for all compounds, with the exception of caffeine that had to be excluded from the plots. This behavior is consistent with previously proposed predictive models (Gossett et al 1983).…”

Modelling the photochemical fate of ibuprofen in surface waters

“…IBP has been found to accumulate in fatty fish tissues and muscles (Zhang et al, 2010) and to cause disturbance to both amphipoda (De Lange et al, 2009) and cnidaria (Quinn et al, 2008). IBP effects can be increased when it is present in mixture with other pharmaceuticals.…”