Tissue Safety Analysis and Duty Cycle Planning for Galvanic Coupled Intra-Body Communication

Swaminathan, Meenupriya; Muncuk, Ufuk; Chowdhury, Kaushik R.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2950051

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Several studies in the literature were conducted to investigate normal signal transmission through multilayer tissues, such as capacitive [9,10] and galvanic coupling [11][12][13], however little work has been done to investigate lateral signal transmission through a specific tissue. In this work, we investigate the lateral signal transmission in biological tissues and evaluate the use of these tissues as a communication channel for intra-body communication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra‐body microwave communication through adipose tissue

Asan

Noreland

Hassan

et al. 2017

Healthcare Technology Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The human body can act as a medium for the transmission of electromagnetic waves in the wireless body sensor networks context. However, there are transmission losses in biological tissues due to the presence of water and salts. This Letter focuses on lateral intra-body microwave communication through different biological tissue layers and demonstrates the effect of the tissue thicknesses by comparing signal coupling in the channel. For this work, the authors utilise the R-band frequencies since it overlaps the industrial, scientific and medical radio (ISM) band. The channel model in human tissues is proposed based on electromagnetic simulations, validated using equivalent phantom and ex-vivo measurements. The phantom and ex-vivo measurements are compared with simulation modelling. The results show that electromagnetic communication is feasible in the adipose tissue layer with a low attenuation of ∼2 dB per 20 mm for phantom measurements and 4 dB per 20 mm for ex-vivo measurements at 2 GHz. Since the dielectric losses of human adipose tissues are almost half of ex-vivo tissue, an attenuation of around 3 dB per 20 mm is expected. The results show that human adipose tissue can be used as an intra-body communication channel.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra‐body microwave communication through adipose tissue

Asan

Noreland

Hassan

et al. 2017

Healthcare Technology Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Electrical exposure analysis of galvanic-coupled intra-body communication based on the empirical arm models

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIntra-body communication (IBC) is one of the highlights in studies of body area networks. The existing IBC studies mainly focus on human channel characteristics of the physical layer, transceiver design for the application, and the protocol design for the networks. However, there are few safety analysis studies of the IBC electrical signals, especially for the galvanic-coupled type. Besides, the human channel model used in most of the studies is just a multi-layer homocentric cylinder model, which cannot accurately approximate the real human tissue layer.MethodsIn this paper, the empirical arm models were established based on the geometrical information of six subjects. The thickness of each tissue layer and the anisotropy of muscle were also taken into account. Considering the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, the restrictions taken as the evaluation criteria were the electric field intensity lower than 1.35 × 104 f V/m and the specific absorption rate (SAR) lower than 4 W/kg. The physiological electrode LT-1 was adopted in experiments whose size was 4 × 4 cm and the distance between each center of adjoining electrodes was 6 cm. The electric field intensity and localized SAR were all computed by the finite element method (FEM). The electric field intensity was set as average value of all tissues, while SAR was averaged over 10 g contiguous tissue. The computed data were compared with the 2010 ICNIRP guidelines restrictions in order to address the exposure restrictions of galvanic-coupled IBC electrical signals injected into the body with different amplitudes and frequencies.ResultsThe input alternating signal was 1 mA current or 1 V voltage with the frequency range from 10 kHz to 1 MHz. When the subject was stimulated by a 1 mA alternating current, the average electric field intensity of all subjects exceeded restrictions when the frequency was lower than 20 kHz. The maximum difference among six subjects was 1.06 V/m at 10 kHz, and the minimum difference was 0.025 V/m at 400 kHz. While the excitation signal was a 1 V alternating voltage, the electric field intensity fell within the exposure restrictions gradually as the frequency increased beyond 50 kHz. The maximum difference among the six subjects was 2.55 V/m at 20 kHz, and the minimum difference was 0.54 V/m at 1 MHz. In addition, differences between the maximum and the minimum values at each frequency also decreased gradually with the frequency increased in both situations of alternating current and voltage. When SAR was introduced as the criteria, none of the subjects exceeded the restrictions with current injected. However, subjects 2, 4, and 6 did not satisfy the restrictions with voltage applied when the signal amplitude was ≥ 3, 6, and 10 V, respectively. The SAR differences for subjects with different frequencies were 0.062–1.3 W/kg of current input, and 0.648–6.096 W/kg of voltage input.ConclusionBased on the empirical arm models established in this paper, we came to conclusion that the frequ...

show abstract

Tissue Safety Analysis and Duty Cycle Planning for Galvanic Coupled Intra-Body Communication

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Intra‐body microwave communication through adipose tissue

Intra‐body microwave communication through adipose tissue

Electrical exposure analysis of galvanic-coupled intra-body communication based on the empirical arm models

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About