Tissue-Resident Innate and Innate-Like Lymphocyte Responses to Viral Infection

Abstract

Infection is restrained by the concerted activation of tissue-resident and circulating immune cells. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets, comprised of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and unconventional T cells, have vital roles in the initiation of primary antiviral responses. Via direct and indirect mechanisms, ILCs and unconventional T cell subsets play a critical role in the ability of the immune system to mount an effective antiviral response through potent early cytokine production. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of tissue-resident lymphocytes during initial viral infection and evaluate their redundant or nonredundant contributions to host protection or virus-induced pathology.

Systemic administration of IL‐33 induces a population of circulating KLRG1hi type 2 innate lymphoid cells and inhibits type 1 innate immunity against multiple myeloma

“…Although ILC2s do not seem to influence the growth and dissemination of myeloma cells, functional alterations of ILC2s might have important implications for the resolution of infections that constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality for MM patients. 44,45 Spleen Liver BM The mechanisms responsible for altering ILC2 phenotype and function during the course of MM disease remain unknown. In the myeloma-infiltrated BM, hypoxia and sustained inflammation associated with the establishment of an immunosuppressive milieu are likely to influence ILC2 responses.…”

Innate Lymphoid Cells and Natural Killer Cells in Bacterial Infections: Function, Dysregulation, and Therapeutic Targets

“…ILC secretion of a variety of chemokines and cytokines results in the recruitment of other immune players and amplification of the inflammatory response against these pathogens. There has been extensive research on the role of ILCs in viral and parasitic infections as reviewed in (Diefenbach, 2013;Vivier et al, 2018;Hildreth and O'Sullivan, 2019;Hirose et al, 2019;Loser et al, 2019;Panda and Colonna, 2019;Seo et al, 2020). Here, we discuss the involvement of the ILC subsets across various bacterial infections (Figure 1).…”

Innate Lymphoid Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…ILC1s are also located in the liver, salivary glands, uterus and thymus [ 47 , 65 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ] ( Figure 4 ). NK cells, such as CD8 + T cells and ILC1s, like Th1 cells respond to intracellular pathogens such as viruses [ 74 , 75 ] and to tumors [ 76 , 77 , 78 ] ( Figure 3 ).…”