Tissue Relationships in the Development of Pedicles and Antlers in the Virginia Deer

Goss, Richard J.; Severinghaus, C. W.; Free, Stuart L.

doi:10.2307/1377295

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Removal of the skin or the subcutaneous tissue overlying the prospective pedicle site of young male deer did not prevent cranial outgrowth formation, and transplantation of these tissues to other regions of the body did not result in ectopic pedicle or antler growth (Goss et al, 1964;HARTWIG, 1967;HARTWIG and SCHRUDDE, 1974;GOSS and POWEL, 1985). By contrast, extirpation of the periosteum from the prospective pedicle site prevented cranial outgrowth formation in roe bucks (Capreolus capreolus) (HARTWIG, 1967(HARTWIG, , 1968a, and autologous transplantation of this periosteum to other areas of the skull (frontals and parietals) (Fig.…”

Section: The Role Of the Antlerogenic Periosteum For Cranial Appendagmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…As was shown by transplantation of AP, not only skin from the prospective pedicle site but also skin from other regions of the deer body is capable (competent) to undergo velvet transformation (Goss et al, 1964;HARTWIG, 1967;HARTWtG and SCHRUDDE, 1974;Goss, 1987). The necessity of the presence of competent skin for antler growth was recent- Goss (1983).…”

Section: The Exterior Componentmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Pedicle and first antler formation in deer: Anatomical, histological, and developmental aspects

Kierdorf

2002

Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft

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Section: The Role Of the Antlerogenic Periosteum For Cranial Appendagmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: The Exterior Componentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Pedicle and first antler formation in deer: Anatomical, histological, and developmental aspects

Kierdorf

2002

Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft

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“…The presumptive pedicle growth region consists of bone, periosteum, connective tissue, dermis and epidermis. Goss et al (1964) found when the skin overlying this region of a male whitetailed deer calf was removed, a pedicle and an antler developed normally after the wound healed. However, loss of the bony component of an incipient pedicle with or without the overlying skin resulted in failure of pedicle and antler formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deer antlerogenic periosteum: a piece of postnatally retained embryonic tissue?

Li¹,

Suttie²

2001

Anatomy and Embryology

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This article reviews the research findings on the piece of periosteum overlying the lateral crest of prepubertal deer frontal bone, known as antlerogenic periosteum (AP). AP was initially discovered by Hartwig and Schrudde in 1974 when searching for the tissue that gives rise to antlers. In their experiment, when AP was transplanted elsewhere on the deer body it formed ectopic antlers. This clearly shows that AP possesses full selfdifferentiating ability, an attribute that can only be paralleled by embryonic tissue in mammals, like lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Studies along this line by Goss in the 1980s further demonstrated that AP also holds the patterning information for antler formation. In the 1990s, our group carried out a series of studies on this unique tissue. The results showed that some of the critical features of AP resemble those of embryonic tissues, such as the astonishing growth potential in vivo and in vitro, and rich glycogen content. Histological observations and cell lineage tracing using a genetic marker convincingly demonstrate that pedicles and antlers are the derivatives of AP. Based on these findings, we advanced a hypothesis that AP is a piece of postnatally retained embryonic tissue. Morphological and histological examinations on the presumptive antler growth regions in deer prenatal life showed that the growth of primordial pedicles is initiated in the early pregnant stage (about 55 days) but then ceases (about 100 days) and is subsequently repressed at the late stage of pregnancy. The epidermis overlying the primordial pedicles resembles the apical ectoderm ridge (multicellular layer). These results strongly support our hypothesis. The results from the specific comparison between deer antler formation (from AP in postnatal) and mammalian limb development (from LPM in prenatal) showed that the ontogeny of antlers and limbs are comparable, and that deer antler has the same level of regulative properties as mammalian limbs. We believe that revealing the mechanism underly-ing the retention of embryonic tissue properties by AP until deer postnatal life will have important implications in biomedical research. Antler formation from AP offers an ideal model to work with in investigating how a selfdifferentiating system functions.

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“…tion and transplantation experiments that the antlerogenic potential resides exclusively in the periosteum of the frontal lateral crest of the deer skull (Hartwig and Schrudde, 1974;Goss 1987;Goss and Powel, 1985;Goss et al, 1964). The frontal lateral crest periosteum of female deer also has antlerogenic potential if it is sufficiently stimulated by exogenous androgen hormones (Wislocki et al, 1947;Jaczewski, 1982), although the only genus in which the females normally develop antlers is Rangifer (Lincoln, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Light microscopic studies of pedicle and early first antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Suttie

1994

Anat. Rec.

101

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At the pre-pedicle stage, the frontal lateral crest (under 5 mm in height) consisted horizontally of antlerogenic periosteum and underlying cancellous bone. Both the cellular layer (3.74 times, P < 0.01) and the fibrous layer of the antlerogenic periosteum were much thicker than those of the margin of the antlerogenic region or the facial periosteum. The crest was formed through intramembranous ossification. When the pedicle began to develop (5-15 mm in height), some discrete clusters of mature chondrocytes appeared in the bony trabeculae, which signified the beginning of the transition of the ossification pattern from the intramembranous to the endochondral. The pedicle consisted of three portions from distal to proximal, periosteum/perichondrium, osseocartilaginous tissue, and osseous tissue. When the pedicle became visible (about 20 mm in height), it consisted of the same three portions as the pedicle initiation stage, but the osseocartilaginous portion was expanded compared to the initiation stage and the cartilaginous proportion increased distally. When the pedicle grew to 25-40 mm in height, continuous cartilaginous trabeculae appeared under the apical perichondrium. The pedicle consisted of four portions from distal to proximal: perichondrium, cartilaginous tissue, osseocartilaginous tissue, osseous tissue. It was formed through endochondral ossification. All these ossification pattern changes could not be seen externally as the overlying integument was characterised by typical scalp skin. When the pedicle grew to about 60 mm in height, antler tissue was visually apparent at the apex as the hair type changed from scalp hair to the velvet-like hair of growing antler. However, this transformation could not be distinguished internally as the inside tissues were all continuous between pedicle and antler. Therefore, the histogenesis of the deer pedicle and the first antler originated from the antlerogenic cells and covered two phases: an internal phase through which pedicle was formed and an external phase which signalled the beginning of antlerogenesis.

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Tissue Relationships in the Development of Pedicles and Antlers in the Virginia Deer

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Pedicle and first antler formation in deer: Anatomical, histological, and developmental aspects

Pedicle and first antler formation in deer: Anatomical, histological, and developmental aspects

Deer antlerogenic periosteum: a piece of postnatally retained embryonic tissue?

Light microscopic studies of pedicle and early first antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

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