Tissue Regeneration Capacity of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated From Bone Marrow-Derived and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have demonstrated tissue repair and regeneration capacity in various preclinical models. These therapeutic effects have recently been largely attributed to the paracrine effects of the MSC secretome, including proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-secreted nano-sized vesicles with lipid bilayer membranes that facilitate cell–cell signaling. Treatments based on MSC-derived EVs are beginning to be explored as an alternative to MSC transplantation-based therapies. However, it remains to be determined which MSC source produces EVs with the greatest therapeutic potential. This review compares the tissue regeneration capacity of EVs isolated from the two most common clinical sources of adult MSCs, bone marrow and adipose tissue, with a particular focus on their angiogenic, osteogenic, and immunomodulatory potentials. Other important issues in the development of MSC-derived EV based therapies are also discussed.

Extracellular vesicles from adipose tissue‐derived stem cells alleviate osteoporosis through osteoprotegerin and miR‐21‐5p

“…ASCs have been widely used as a source of EV production because of their plentifulness and accessibility compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs), while it has a similar ability to differentiate into mesodermal linage cells (Gimble et al, 2007;Maqsood et al, 2020). Treatments based on EVs from adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASC-EVs) have been investigated in tissue repair and disease models (Liu & Holmes, 2021). Two studies reported that ASC-EVs increased the osteogenic differentiation and bone formation in the calvarial defect model (S. Chen, Tang, et al 2019;W.…”

Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives

“…Exosomebased therapies are currently being studied to specifically silence the immune system toward the graft. Several cell types are candidates for sources of exosomes: mesenchymal stem cells, regulatory T cells, M2 macrophages and immature dendritic cells, which are well-known immunoregulatory cells [141][142][143][144].…”

When Origin Matters: Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells From Different Sources for Clinical Translation in Kidney Disease

“…The ability to sense changes is also translated in vitro , where cell culture conditions ( 219 ) or exposure to licensing strategies ( 275 ) can impact the secretome, highlighting plasticity and ability to adapt and respond to surroundings ( 274 , 276 ). The so-called MSC secretome is composed of small molecules, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, as well as EVs ( 277 , 278 ). The literature has shown striking differences in the composition of MSC-secretome depending on the cell source.…”