Tissue reaction to three ceramics of porous and non‐porous structures

Abstract

SummaryIn this investigation, ceramics were studicd to determine their role as rigid, abrasive implants in soft, living tissue. Discs and tubes of three ceramics, CaO .A1,0?, CaO . TiO,, and CaO . ZrO,, were introduced as porous and non-porous structures into muscle and Connective tissue sites in rabbits. The animals were observed grossly to determine the duration of redness and swelling following surgery, and samples were retrieved at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months after implantation. A mild, acute inflammatory response immediately followed the implantation of all three materials in both the porous and non-porous forms. Histological sections of the ceramics and surrounding tissue, cut and stained for light microscopy, demonstrated the absence of inflammatory cells and revealed the normal morphology and organization of the cells present around all types of implants tested. Tissue around discs of porous ceramics healed faster and exhibited thinner fibrous encapsulations than with impervious discs of the same material. Healthy fibrous connective tissue with an ample blood supply occupied those implants with pores of 45-100 mp, and even more rapidly filled the samples with a 100-to 150-p pore size. The tissue ingrowth and tight adherence to the porous samples was believed responsible for the more moderate response to porous implants. No adverse responses of any kind were observed, except in a very few, atypical specimens.

Porous ceramics as a bone substitute in the medial condyle of the tibia: An experimental study in sheep. Long-term observations

“…(Klawitter et al 1969, Hulbert et al 1970, 1972, Rhinelander et al 1971, Nilles et al 1973. The findings of the present study, that osteocytes were lying close to the ceramics, without interposition of connective tissue, and furthermore the lack of significant foreign body reactions around or within the implants, confirm that the ceramics possess a high degree of biocompatibility.…”

Biocompatibility and bioactivity of porous polymer-derived Ca-Mg silicate ceramics

“…1e) in terms of the diameter of interconnections of adjacent pores. 4 An ideal scaffold should combine bioactive properties with a favourable structure, consisting 5 of pores with well-defined interconnections; in particular, interconnections with diameter 6 exceeding 100 μm allow effective tissue ingrowth and eventually vascularisation, which is 7 required for complete regeneration of bone [37]. The modal diameter of interconnects of 8 pores was 181 μm for Ak and 160 μm for WD foams, both above 100 m.…”

<I>In Vivo</I> Result of Porous TiNi Shape Memory Alloy: Bone Response and Growth

“…The wide range of pore size (100 to 600 µm) has been reported as optimal for bone ingrowth. 14,15) The mean pore size for porous TiNi SMA used in this study was 323 ± 89 µm (n = 30), and the porosity was 55.3 ± 6.7% (n = 30). This dimension is very similar to that of real bone.…”