Tissue-like Silicon Nanowires-Based Three-Dimensional Anodes for High-Capacity Lithium Ion Batteries

We show full Li/S cells with the use of balanced and high capacity electrodes to address high power electro-mobile applications. The anode is made of an assembly comprising of silicon nanowires as active material densely and conformally grown on a 3D carbon mesh as a light-weight current collector, offering extremely high areal capacity for reversible Li storage of up to 9 mAh/cm2. The dense growth is guaranteed by a versatile Au precursor developed for homogenous Au layer deposition on 3D substrates. In contrast to metallic Li, the presented system exhibits superior characteristics as an anode in Li/S batteries such as safe operation, long cycle life and easy handling. These anodes are combined with high area density S/C composite cathodes into a Li/S full-cell with an ether- and lithium triflate-based electrolyte for high ionic conductivity. The result is a highly cyclable full-cell with an areal capacity of 2.3 mAh/cm2, a cyclability surpassing 450 cycles and capacity retention of 80% after 150 cycles (capacity loss <0.4% per cycle). A detailed physical and electrochemical investigation of the SiNW Li/S full-cell including in-operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements reveals that the lower degradation is due to a lower self-reduction of polysulfides after continuous charging/discharging.

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“…. Comparable SiNW loadings on carbon meshes have been recently reported by Peled et al 21. using commercially available Au nanoparticles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Recently, SiNW/C composite negative electrodes with comparable capacity have been reported for LiFePO 4 2 nd Generation batteries21. In this work, prelithiated SiNW/C composite electrodes have been integrated in high capacity Li/S batteries to replace Li metal as only negative electrode with sufficient capacity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Area Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Full-cell Battery with Prelitiathed Silicon Nanowire-Carbon Anodes for Long Cycling Stability

Krause

Dörfler

Piwko

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…151 In addition, it was found that all measured SEI parameters for the 3D SiNW anode -R SEI , ρ SEI and SEI thickness -grow with cycle number. However, the growth of the secondary porous SEI was much higher than the growth of the compact SEI (measured by EIS).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Peled

Menkin

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,557

1,474

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The Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase (SEI) model for non-aqueous alkali-metal batteries constitutes a paradigm change in the understanding of lithium batteries and has thus enabled the development of safer, durable, higher-power and lower-cost lithium batteries for portable and EV applications. Prior to the publication of the SEI model (1979), researchers used the Butler-Volmer equation, in which a direct electron transfer from the electrode to lithium cations in the solution is assumed. The SEI model proved that this is a mistaken concept and that, in practice, the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the solution in a lithium battery, must be prevented, since it will result in fast self-discharge of the active materials and poor battery performance. This model provides [E. Peled, in "Lithium Batteries," J.P. Gabano (ed), Academic Press, (1983), E. Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, 2047Soc., 126, (1979.] new equations for: electrode kinetics (i o and b), anode corrosion, SEI resistivity and growth rate and irreversible capacity loss of lithium-ion batteries. This model became a cornerstone in the science and technology of lithium batteries. This paper reviews the past, present and the future of SEI batteries. The PastPrior to the publication of the SEI model (1979), 1,4 researchers used the Butler-Volmer equation, in which direct electron transfer from the electrode to lithium cations in the solution is assumed. It was generally assumed that the rate-determining step (RDS) is the transfer of electrons from the metal to the cations in the solution. Researchers found that the lithium anode is covered by a passivating layer which interferes with the deposition/dissolution process of the anode. Brummer and Newman 2,3 concluded that a passivating anode can offer only a limited cycle life and in order to obtain a deep-discharge high-cycle-life secondary battery, the lithium anode must be free of a passivating layer and kinetically stable with respect to the electrolyte. The SEI model proved that this is a mistaken concept and that, in practice, the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the solution in a lithium battery, except when forming a SEI, must be prevented. The Present, Lithium-Metal and Lithium-Ion BatteriesIntroduction.-It is now generally accepted that the solidelectrolyte interphase (SEI) is essentially for the existence and successful operation of lithium-and sodium-battery systems, as primary and secondary power sources. 4 In 1979, it was proposed by Peled,

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“…[97] The VLS method is usually carried out in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor by using silicon-containing gas as silicon sources, such as silane (SiH 4 ) or tetrachloride (SiCl 4 ), and the reaction temperature varies from 300 to 1000 C depending on the gas precursor and different kinds of metal catalysts utilized in the fabrication process. [98,99] In 2007, Chan et al presented a direct growth of Si NWs on the stainless-steel current collector by VLS synthesis method with Au as catalyst. [39] When tested as an anode material, an extremely high reversible capacity of 3124 mAh g À1 at a current density of 0.05 C was obtained in the first charge process and the initial Coulombic efficiency was 73%.…”

Section: Nanowiresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationally Designed Silicon Nanostructures as Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2017

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Silicon (Si) is promising for high capacity anodes in lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, low working potential, and natural abundance. However, there are two main drawbacks that impede its further practical applications. One is the huge volume expansion generating during lithiation and delithiation progresses, which leads to severe structural pulverization and subsequently rapid capacity fading of the electrode. The other is the relatively low intrinsic electronic conductivity, therefore, seriously impacting the rate performance. In the past decades, numerous efforts have been devoted for improving the cycling stability and rate capability by rational designs of different nanostructures of Si materials and incorporations with some conductive agents. In this review, the authors summarize the exciting recent research works and focus on not only the synthesis techniques, but also the composition strategies of silicon nanostructures. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanostructures as well as the perspective of this research field are also discussed. We aim to give some reference for engineering application on Si anodes in lithium ion batteries.

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Tissue-like Silicon Nanowires-Based Three-Dimensional Anodes for High-Capacity Lithium Ion Batteries

Cited by 114 publications

References 30 publications

High Area Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Full-cell Battery with Prelitiathed Silicon Nanowire-Carbon Anodes for Long Cycling Stability

High Area Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Full-cell Battery with Prelitiathed Silicon Nanowire-Carbon Anodes for Long Cycling Stability

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Rationally Designed Silicon Nanostructures as Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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