Tissue Engineering of Organs: Brain Tissues

Amyloid Fibrils: Versatile Biomaterials for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Engineering Applications

“…The optimal design of amyloid-based scaffolds ensures most of the crucial parameters like scaffold architecture, biocompatibility, degradation, ligand presentation, which could be customized according to the target tissue. 95 The peptide monomers could be designed in such a way one can modulate the amyloid hydrogel with variable pore size for growth factor diffusion 124 and variable stiffness 21,124 for mechanosensing the desired lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells. The thixotropic nature not only ensures an easy encapsulation of cells and growth factors within amyloid hydrogel but also would be easily administered in the brain by minimally invasive surgery.…”

“…Thus, chemical hydrogels mostly possess irreversible properties. In contrast, the physical hydrogels, like peptide hydrogels, are mostly held by noncovalent interactions such as ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. , In peptide hydrogels, the component peptide monomers noncovalently self-assemble to form an ordered nanostructure. Then, multiple nanostructures further assemble to form a supramolecular network .…”

“…The control over engineering precision in amyloid nanofibers is unique, and it has been demonstrated in multiple instances that simple alteration of amino acid composition during the peptide design leads to different types of topography of the fibrils. , However, with careful design, the amino acid alterations do not hamper the self-assembly process but simply lead to the formation of a slightly different nanofibril, enabling nanoscale precision in tuning the cell adhesive matrix. The optimal design of amyloid-based scaffolds ensures most of the crucial parameters like scaffold architecture, biocompatibility, degradation, ligand presentation, which could be customized according to the target tissue . The peptide monomers could be designed in such a way one can modulate the amyloid hydrogel with variable pore size for growth factor diffusion and variable stiffness , for mechanosensing the desired lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells.…”

Microfabrication and lab-on-a-chip devices promote in vitro modeling of neural interfaces for neuroscience researches and preclinical applications

“…Neural microsystems have empowered researches tremendous control over experimental neural cultures: x distinct from neural organoid models, neural system-on-a-chip devices usually manipulate less than three types of cells and simulate the microarchitecture and function of neural tissue precisely [31]. y Moreover, under the highresolution live imaging enabled by microtechnologies, neural system-on-a-chip devices monitor the microphysiology of neural cultures dynamically [7,32]. z Compartmentalization can be applied in the patterning of neurons and non-neuronal cells in the neural system-on-a-chip device, with the rationale of studying cell-cell interaction in the neural tissue [33].…”