Tissue distribution following 28 day repeated oral administration of aluminum‐based nanoparticles with different properties and the in vitro toxicity

Abstract

The tissue distribution and toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) depend on their physical and chemical properties both in the manufactured condition and within the biological system. We characterized three types of commercially available aluminum-based NPs (Al-NPs), two rod-type aluminum oxide NPs (Al O , AlONPs), with different aspect ratios (short [S]- and long [L]-AlONPs), and spherical aluminum cerium oxide NPs (AlCeO , AlCeONPs). The surface area was in order of the S-AlONPs > L-AlONPs > AlCeONPs. Very importantly, we found that AlCeONPs is Al O -coated CeO NPs, but not AlCeO NPs, and that the Al level in AlCeONPs is approximately 20% of those in S- and L-AlONPs. All three types of Al-NPs were slightly ionized in gastric fluid and rapidly particlized in the intestinal fluid. There were no significant differences in the body weight gain following 28 days of repeated oral administration of the three different types of Al-NPs. All Al-NPs elevated Al level in the heart, spleen, kidney and blood at 24 hours after the final dose, accompanied by the altered tissue level of redox reaction-related trace elements. Subsequently, in four types of cells derived from the organs which Al-NPs are accumulated, H9C2 (heart), HEK-293 (kidney), splenocytes and RAW264.7 (blood), S-AlONPs showed a very low uptake level and did not exert significant cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, cytotoxicity and uptake level were the most remarkable in cells treated with AlCeONPs. In conclusion, we suggest that the physicochemical properties of NPs should be examined in detail before the release into the market to prevent unexpected adverse health effects.

Albumin binding, anticancer and antibacterial properties of synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles

“…17 NPs may become lodged in tissues, and the high durability and reactivity of some NPs raise concerns of their outcomes in the healthy systems. 18,19 Indeed, at this time, not enough data exist to evaluate the biomedical exposure for most engineered NPs. Some NPs that accumulate in animal tissues may have the ability to easily pass through the cell membranes or cross the blood-brain barrier and attack the cells.…”

Comparison of subchronic immunotoxicity of four different types of aluminum‐based nanoparticles

“…10‐0425) (Supporting information, Figure S1D). As shown in Supporting information, Figure S2, the energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping profile of AlCeONPs clearly indicated that the outer sheath was composed of Al 2 O 3 , whereas CeO 2 was present within the Al 2 O 3 (Park et al, ). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface‐area analyzer‐specific surface areas of S‐AlONPs, L‐AlONPs, AlCeONPs and AlOOHNPs, calculated from the N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms at room temperature (<25°C), were 163.4, 105.9, 24.8 and 10.3 m 2 g –1 , respectively (Supporting information, Figure S3).…”

“…It is also increased by the presence of the hydroxyl group between two spherical types of Al‐NPs. More importantly, in our 28 day repeated oral toxicity test, we identified that AlCeONPs were Al 2 O 3 ‐coated CeO 2 NPs, but not AlCeO 3 NPs, although they have been sold under the trade name of “AlCeONPs” (Park et al, ). Additionally, in our previous study, cerium oxide NPs (CeONPs) were located surrounding the nuclear membrane at 12 hours after exposure to human bronchial epithelial cells, ultimately leading to cell death (Park, Choi, Park, & Park, ).…”

Safety evaluation on defatted soybean particles after nanofabrication

“…Female and male Balb-c mice were acclimated to the environment for 2 weeks prior to the initiation of San Martin-Gonzalez 2012). However, the safety of NPs, especially of those that can be uptaken directly, is a topic of great concern (Park et al 2017;Wassef and Quadro 2011).…”