Tissue differentiation and correlated changes in enzymatic activities during primary antler development in fallow deer (<i>Dama dama</i>)

Szuwart, Thomas; Kierdorf, Horst; Kierdorf, Uwe; Althoff, J.; Clemen, Günter

doi:10.1002/ar.1092430403

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Antlers develop on top of permanent frontal protuberances, called pedicles. The growth of both primary and secondary (regenerating) antlers proceeds via a modified form of endochondral and perichondral ossification, exhibiting a number of specific adaptations to the rapidity of the developmental process (Banks & Newbrey, 1983 ;Newbrey & Banks, 1983 ;Li & Suttie, 1994 ;Kierdorf et al 1995 ;Szuwart et al 1995 ;Price et al 1996 ;Rucklidge et al 1997). Antler formation occurs during a fixed time span of some months, and in deer from temperate and arctic regions, secondary antler growth is controlled by the photoperiod (Goss, 1983 ;Bubenik & Bubenik, 1990).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

Kierdorf¹,

Kierdorf²,

Boyde³

2000

Journal of Anatomy

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The structure and relative degree of mineralisation of antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer stags exposed either to low or high levels of environmental fluoride were determined by digital quantitative backscattered electron (BSE) imaging. Bone fluoride content (BFC) in antlers (845p86 mg F − \kg ash, arithmetic meanp...) and pedicles (1448p154 mg F − \kg ash) of deer from a highly fluoride polluted area in North Bohemia (Czech Republic) were significantly higher (P 0.001) than those of controls from uncontaminated regions in West Germany (antlers : 206p41, pedicles : 322p52 mg F − \kg ash). Mean (56.5p4.5 %) and maximum (84.9p2.1 %) mineralised bone area of the control antlers significantly (P 0.05 and P 0.001, respectively) exceeded the corresponding values for the N. Bohemian deer (43.3p1.3 and 73.3p1.9 %, respectively), while the pedicles from the 2 groups did not differ significantly. In the pooled antler samples (n l 18), negative correlations existed between BFC and mean (r s lk0.62, P 0.01) as well as maximum (r s l k0.69, P 0.01) mineralised bone area. Morphological imaging revealed a decreased width and an increased porosity of the antler cortex in the N. Bohemian specimens. Mean (148.5p1.7) and maximum (154.2p1.7) BSE-signal intensities (l grey levels ; range between a monobrominated (grey level 0) and a monoiodinated (grey level 255) dimethacrylate resin standard) of the antlers from the controls were significantly higher than those of the N. Bohemian deer (140.7p2.1 and 145.7p2.2, respectively ; P 0.05 for both comparisons). In the pooled antler samples, negative correlations between BFC and mean (r s lk0.51, P 0.05) as well as maximum (r s lk0.52, P 0.05) BSE-signal intensities were observed. No significant differences in mineralisation density parameters were found for the 2 pedicle samples, and BFC and mineralisation density of the pooled pedicles were uncorrelated. Morphological imaging revealed bone mottling (denoting increased remodelling activity) and frequent occurrence of apparently increased osteocyte lacunae in some of the pedicles from the N. Bohemian deer. It is concluded that the reduced amount of mineralised bone in, and the lower mineralisation density of, the N. Bohemian antlers resulted from a fluoride induced disturbance of bone mineralisation. The rapid growth of antlers leads both to a high mineral demand and a high rate of fluoride uptake during antlerogenesis. This, and the limited lifespan of antlers, which does not allow for a compensation of a delay in the onset or progression of the mineralisation process, renders antler bone particularly susceptible to fluoride. Antlers are therefore considered a useful model for studying fluoride effects on bone formation. Furthermore, analysis of cast antlers enables a noninvasive monitoring of environmental pollution by fluorides.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

Kierdorf¹,

Kierdorf²,

Boyde³

2000

Journal of Anatomy

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“…; Szuwart et al. ). The tips of growing antlers are populated by rapidly proliferating mesenchymal cells (Wislocki, ; Banks, ; Kierdorf et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Antler growth occurs by a specific form of endochondral ossification (Gruber, 1937;Banks, 1974;Banks & Newbrey, 1983;Kierdorf et al 1995a;Szuwart et al 1995). The tips of growing antlers are populated by rapidly proliferating mesenchymal cells (Wislocki, 1942;Banks, 1974;Kierdorf et al 1995aKierdorf et al , 2007Price et al 1996Price et al , 2005Colitti et al 2005;Cegielski et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further proximally, the mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiate into chondroblasts, and a framework of hyaline cartilage is formed. This consists of longitudinally oriented, ramifying trabeculae that are separated by blood vessels and associated perivascular connective tissue (Gruber, 1937;Banks, 1974;Muir et al 1988;Kierdorf et al 1995a;Szuwart et al 1995;Li et al 2002Li et al , 2005Price et al 2005;Clark et al 2006;Cegielski et al 2009;Krauss et al 2011). The latter contains mesenchymal cells that can differentiate into chondro-and osteoblasts (Banks & Newbrey, 1983;Kierdorf et al 1995a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cartilaginous trabeculae increase in thickness in more proximal locations by apposition of new cartilage onto their surface (Banks & Newbrey, 1983;Kierdorf et al 1995a). The cartilage matrix is then mineralized and the cartilage resorbed, and woven bone is laid down on the scaffold provided by the remnants of the mineralized cartilage (Gruber, 1937;Banks, 1974;Muir et al 1988;Kierdorf et al 1995a;Szuwart et al 1995Szuwart et al , 1998Price et al 1996Price et al , 2005Krauss et al 2011). The combined chondroclastic and osteoblastic activities cause the replacement of the initially cartilaginous framework by a bony one exhibiting the same orientation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The structure of pedicle and hard antler bone in the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): a light microscope and backscattered electron imaging study

et al. 2013

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Deer antlers are deciduous bony structures that develop from permanent frontal outgrowths, the pedicles. While growth and bone architecture of antlers have been studied in greater detail, information on pedicle formation and structure is scarce. The present study provides information on the structure of pedicle and hard antler bone in the European roe deer. A pronounced seasonal variation in pedicle architecture was observed, with high porosity around antler casting and a very compact bone structure during the hard antler stage. These observations suggest a corresponding marked variation also in the biomechanical properties of the pedicles. The seasonally alternating extensive resorption and formation processes make the pedicles of older deer heavily remodeled structures. Pedicles increase in thickness by apposition of primary bone that subsequently becomes replaced by secondary osteons. The antler cortex of roe deer is largely composed of a tubular framework of woven bone trabeculae with some remnants of mineralized cartilage, and primary osteons that have filled in the intertrabecular spaces. Secondary osteons are scarce, denoting little remodeling in antlers, which can be related to their short lifespan. The occurrence of cement lines around primary osteons indicates resorption on the trabecular scaffold prior to infilling of the intertrabecular spaces. The outer cortex showed a higher autofluorescence and a more immature structure than the main cortex, suggesting that it was secondarily formed by periosteal activity. Pedicles and antlers constitute a functional entity, and future histological and/or biomechanical studies should therefore consider both components of the cranial appendages.

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Hard fallow deer antler: A living bone till antler casting?

Rolf

Enderlé

1999

Anat. Rec.

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Deer antlers are the only mammalian bone structures which regenerate completely every year. Once developed, antlers are cleaned of the velvet-like skin. Presently it is believed that due to velvet shedding the blood supply is interrupted in the solidifying antler bone. Histological examinations were made on different parts of fallow deer antlers investigated from the time of velvet shedding till the antler casting. The present study on hard (polished) antlers revealed living bone with regions presenting living osteocytes, active osteoblasts, osteoid seams and even early stages of trabecular microcallus formation, thus indicating to a continuous bone remodeling. A well developed vascular system was found despite the presence of hard antler bone. The pedicle bone exhibits a rich supply of capillaries and vessels connected to the spongy core of the main branch and the compact bone as well. There is evidence that hard fallow deer antlers possess a functioning vascular system that ''keeps the antler moist'' resulting in a high impact resistance when fights are most frequent. As late as 3 weeks prior to antler casting a large number of living cells were discovered within the antler core. As we have no doubt that parts of the polished fallow deer antler represent a living bone, we have concluded that a sufficient blood supply of the antler core is maintained almost till the time of antler casting by vessels passing through the antler base.

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Tissue differentiation and correlated changes in enzymatic activities during primary antler development in fallow deer (Dama dama)

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

Structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study

The structure of pedicle and hard antler bone in the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): a light microscope and backscattered electron imaging study

Hard fallow deer antler: A living bone till antler casting?

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