Tip of the Iceberg: Reporting and Gender-Based Violence in Developing Countries

Palermo, Tia; Bleck, Jennifer; Peterman, Amber

doi:10.1093/aje/kwt295

Cited by 305 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Resistance, backlash, lack of control over women's bodies, and other potential negative outcomes need to be included among outcome measures to better inform SRH and GBV. Studies recommend GBV is underreported and further, marital status, urban residence, and increased age, are factors associated with women who are more likely to formally report violence compared to other groups of women [54]. Experiences, such as employment experiences spanning unpaid care work, in addition to formal paid employment, should be considered within outcome measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Efficiency or Gender Equality: Conceptualizing an Equitable “Social Framing” for Economic Evaluations to Support Gender Equality in Disaster Risk- and Environmental-Management Decision-Making

Shreve

2016

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Abstract:It is unlikely that cost-benefit approaches will be effective in identifying investments that support gender equality without a relevant "social framing". Criteria for a "social framing" are lacking, yet cost-benefit approaches often guide investment decisions for disaster risk and environmental management. Mainstream approaches typically do a poor job identifying and characterizing costs and benefits, and often fail to address distributive concerns (i.e., how costs and benefits may be distributed throughout society, to whom, etc.). Gender-blind investments may project responsibility for equality "problems" onto one sex, potentially augmenting gender inequalities and disaster risk. This article examines evidence from the gender, disaster, and development literature to identify distributive concerns and criteria for an equitable "social framing" for economic evaluations. Primary distributive concerns identified regard assumptions of women's homogeneity, agency, "active" participation, and the influence of customary practice and displacement on disaster vulnerability. The need for a "gender-responsive" "social framing" that considers the needs of men and women in relation to one another is evident. Second, cost-benefit studies focused on gender equality concerns are reviewed and the "social framing" is critiqued. Results show most studies are not "gender-responsive". Women's health concerns, often exacerbated by disasters, are sidelined by assumptions regarding distributive concerns and reductive outcome measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Efficiency or Gender Equality: Conceptualizing an Equitable “Social Framing” for Economic Evaluations to Support Gender Equality in Disaster Risk- and Environmental-Management Decision-Making

Shreve

2016

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“…Translations to Greek and Hungarian followed a standard protocol: forward translation, expert panel revision, back-translation, new expert panel revision and piloting. The CTS2's act-specific type of questioning was used in cross-cultural research on IPV against women, namely in the WHO multi-country study (GarciaMoreno et al 2006) or the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) (Palermo et al 2013) and in the study of elder abuse . The CTS2 allows to measure psychological aggression (8 items), physical assault (12 items), sexual coercion (7 items) and injury (6 items).…”

Section: Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intimate partner violence: a study in men and women from six European countries

Costa

Soares

Lindert

et al. 2015

Int J Public Health

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Objectives We aimed to assess intimate partner violence (IPV) among men and women from six cities in six European countries. Methods Four IPV types were measured in a populationbased multicentre study of adults (18-64 years; n = 3,496). Sex-and city-differences in past year prevalence were examined considering victims, perpetrators or both and considering violent acts' severity and repetition. Results Male victimization of psychological aggression ranged from 48.8 % (Porto) to 71.8 % (Athens) and female victimization from 46.4 % (Budapest) to 70.5 % (Athens). Male and female victimization of sexual coercion ranged from 5.4 and 8.9 %, respectively, in Budapest to 27.1 and 25.3 % in Stuttgart. Male and female victims of physical assault ranged from 9.7 and 8.5 %, respectively, in Porto, to 31.2 and 23.1 % in Athens. Male victims of injury were 2.7 % in Ö stersund and 6.3 % in London and female victims were 1.4 % in Ö stersund and 8.5 % in Stuttgart. IPV differed significantly across cities (p \ 0.05). Men and women predominantly experienced IPV as both victims and perpetrators with few significant sex-differences within cities. Conclusions Results support the need to consider men and women as both potential victims and perpetrators when approaching IPV.

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“…This study likely underestimates the true prevalence of sexual violence due to challenges with disclosure on such a sensitive topic (Palermo, Bleck, & Peterman, 2014) and possible impacts of recall bias, particularly if the violence occurred at a very young age in childhood (Williams, 1994). Further, analysis was limited to the first and most recent incident of sexual violence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

HIV and Childhood Sexual Violence: Implications for Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Testing in Tanzania

Chiang¹,

Chen²,

Gladden³

et al. 2015

AIDS Education and Prevention

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Prior research has established an association between sexual violence and HIV. Exposure to sexual violence during childhood can profoundly impact brain architecture and stress regulatory response. As a result, individuals who have experienced such trauma may engage in sexual risk-taking behavior and could benefit from targeted interventions. In 2009, nationally representative data were collected on violence against children in Tanzania from 13–24 year old respondents (n = 3,739). Analyses show that females aged 19–24 (n = 579) who experienced childhood sexual violence, were more likely to report no/infrequent condom use in the past 12 months (AOR = 3.0, CI [1.5, 6.1], p = 0.0017) and multiple sex partners in the past 12 months (AOR = 2.3, CI [1.0, 5.1], p = 0.0491), but no more likely to know where to get HIV testing or to have ever been tested. Victims of childhood sexual violence could benefit from targeted interventions to mitigate impacts of violence and prevent HIV.

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Tip of the Iceberg: Reporting and Gender-Based Violence in Developing Countries

Cited by 305 publications

References 26 publications

Economic Efficiency or Gender Equality: Conceptualizing an Equitable “Social Framing” for Economic Evaluations to Support Gender Equality in Disaster Risk- and Environmental-Management Decision-Making

Economic Efficiency or Gender Equality: Conceptualizing an Equitable “Social Framing” for Economic Evaluations to Support Gender Equality in Disaster Risk- and Environmental-Management Decision-Making

Intimate partner violence: a study in men and women from six European countries

HIV and Childhood Sexual Violence: Implications for Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Testing in Tanzania

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