TiO2 nanotubes, nanochannels and mesosponge: Self-organized formation and applications

Kowalski, Damian; Kim, Doohun; Schmuki, Patrik

doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2013.04.010

Cited by 348 publications

(241 citation statements)

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“…Overviews about applications are also given in several review articles [14][15][16]. During the past 10 years, considerable attention was given on the control of the nanotube dimensions, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-organized Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers: Influence of the Ti substrate on Nanotube Growth and Dimensions

Sopha

Jäger

Knotek

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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In this contribution, various Ti thin substrates were explored and compared for the anodic growth of self-organized TiO 2 nanotube layers for the first time. In order to evaluate differences in the electrochemical anodization characteristics and the tube dimensions, five different Ti substrates from four established suppliers were anodized in the widely used ethylene glycol electrolytes containing 88 mM NH 4 F and 1,5 vol.% water. Two anodizations were carried out to elucidate an influence of the pre-anodized substrates used for the second anodization. By thorough evaluation of the nanotube dimensions, large variations between the dimensions of the nanotubes were found for the different substrates, ranging from ~32 µm to ~50 µm for the nanotube length and from ~109 nm to ~127 nm for the nanotube diameter after the second anodization. Upon AFM measurements, Goodfellow Ti substrates (99.99 % purity), yielded the smoothest surface and the highest degree of ordering from all substrates.Moreover, considerably different consumption of Ti substrates via anodization was revealed by profilometric measurements between the original non-anodized part of the Ti substrates, and the anodized part after the removal of the nanotube layer. Orientation imaging 2 microscopy revealed considerable differences in the size and orientation of the substrate grains.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-organized Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers: Influence of the Ti substrate on Nanotube Growth and Dimensions

Sopha

Jäger

Knotek

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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“…directional charge transport, orthogonal carrier separation, optimized and directional diffusion profiles, defined membranes, biological cell interactions, possible quantum size and tubular core shell devices). A particular advantage of anodic nanotube arrays is that tubes are grown from their metallic substrate and thus can be used directly as back-contacted oxide electrode.While a number of excellent literature reviews exist on the immense efforts that are directed towards an ever increasing control over growth conditions as well as exploiting the tube layers in applications [1,[5][6][7], only relatively little work deals with the question after the origin of self-organization in anodic oxide formation processes [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. It is thus the goal of the present review to particularly address this point and give an overview of factors dictating self-organization and tube formation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Over the past decade, the formation and application of anodic, self-organized TiO 2 nanotube arrays grown from a Ti metal (as illustrated in Fig.1) and similar oxide structures have attracted wide scientific and technological interest [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Self-organization during anodization has been observed already more than 70 years ago for aluminum that, when anodized in acidic electrolytes, forms hexagonally ordered porous structures [8] -such ordering can peak in a virtually perfect arrangement, as demonstrated by Masuda et al in 1995 [9], by a meticulous optimization of the electrochemical growth conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the past few years, however, research activities on ordered TiO 2 nanotube layers have in numbers of paper-output surpassed porous alumina; in the past decade, more than three thousand papers have been published dedicated to anodic TiO 2 nanotubes [1,[5][6][7]. The main reason for this enormous interest is the anticipated impact of such nanotube layers in functional applications of titanium dioxide; such as dye sensitized solar cells [12][13][14][15], photocatalysis [16,17] (including water splitting for the generation of hydrogen, pollution degradation, or the reduction of CO 2 ), biomedicine [18][19][20] (biomedical coatings of implants, drug delivery systems), ion-insertion batteries, electrochromics, etc.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anodic TiO2 nanotube layers: Why does self-organized growth occur—A mini review

Zhou

Nguyen

Özkan

et al. 2014

Electrochemistry Communications

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138

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The present review gives an overview of the highlights of more than 10 years of research on synthesis and applications of ordered oxide structures (nanotube layers, hexagonal pore arrangements) that are formed by self-organizing anodization of metals. In particular we address the questions after the critical factors that lead to the spectacular self-ordering during the growth of anodic oxides that finally yield morphologies such as highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays and similar structures. Why are tubes and pores formed -what are the key parameters controlling these processes?Link to the published article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.06.021 1 Over the past decade, the formation and application of anodic, self-organized TiO 2 nanotube arrays grown from a Ti metal (as illustrated in Fig.1) and similar oxide structures have attracted wide scientific and technological interest [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Self-organization during anodization has been observed already more than 70 years ago for aluminum that, when anodized in acidic electrolytes, forms hexagonally ordered porous structures [8] -such ordering can peak in a virtually perfect arrangement, as demonstrated by Masuda et al. in 1995 [9], by a meticulous optimization of the electrochemical growth conditions. These alumina structures since then have been widely used for templating (i.e., to fill the pores by a secondary material to form nanorods or nanowires, in combination with stripping the template or not), as well as for numerous other applications -excellent overviews on growth and applications of porous alumina are available; see e.g. refs. [2][3][4]10,11].In the past few years, however, research activities on ordered TiO 2 nanotube layers have in numbers of paper-output surpassed porous alumina; in the past decade, more than three thousand papers have been published dedicated to anodic TiO 2 nanotubes [1,[5][6][7]. The main reason for this enormous interest is the anticipated impact of such nanotube layers in functional applications of titanium dioxide; such as dye sensitized solar cells [12][13][14][15], photocatalysis [16,17] (including water splitting for the generation of hydrogen, pollution degradation, or the reduction of CO 2 ), biomedicine [18][19][20] (biomedical coatings of implants, drug delivery systems), ion-insertion batteries, electrochromics, etc. [21][22][23][24] These applications are, to a large extent, based on a number of almost unique features of TiO 2 [1,[25][26][27][28]: it is a semiconductor of a band-gap of 3.0 eV (rutile) -3.2 eV (anatase), with a considerably large electron diffusion length (mainly anatase), relative band-edge positions suitable to trigger a wide range of photocatalytic reactions; the material is highly biocompatible, and shows considerably good ion intercalation properties. Many of these features can be exploited in a nanotubular form even more beneficially than in powder assemblies (e.g. directional charge transport, orthogonal carrier separation, optimized and directional diffusion profile...

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“…It is well-known that the anodization of Ti leads to the formation of TiO 2 nanotubes when using fluoride containing electrolytes [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-organized double-wall oxide nanotube layers on glass-forming Ti-Zr-Si(-Nb) alloys

Sopha

Pohl

Damm

et al. 2017

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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In this work, we report for the first time on the use of melt spun glass-forming alloysTi 75 Zr 10 Si 15 (TZS) and Ti 60 Zr 10 Si 15 Nb 15 (TZSN) -as substrates for the growth of anodic oxide nanotube layers. Upon their anodization in ethylene glycol based electrolytes, highly ordered nanotube layers were achieved. In comparison to TiO 2 nanotube layers grown on Ti foils, under the same conditions for reference, smaller diameter nanotubes (~116 nm for TZS and ~90 nm for TZSN) and shorter nanotubes (~11.5 µm and ~6.5 µm for TZS and TZSN, respectively) were obtained for both amorphous alloys. Furthermore, TEM and STEM studies, coupled with EDX analysis, revealed a double-wall structure of the as-grown amorphous oxide nanotubes with Ti species being enriched in the inner wall, and Si species in the outer wall, whereby Zr and Nb species were homogeneously distributed.

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TiO2 nanotubes, nanochannels and mesosponge: Self-organized formation and applications

Cited by 348 publications

References 306 publications

Self-organized Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers: Influence of the Ti substrate on Nanotube Growth and Dimensions

Self-organized Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers: Influence of the Ti substrate on Nanotube Growth and Dimensions

Anodic TiO2 nanotube layers: Why does self-organized growth occur—A mini review

Self-organized double-wall oxide nanotube layers on glass-forming Ti-Zr-Si(-Nb) alloys

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