TiO2 Nanotubes Functionalized with Icariin for an Attenuated In Vitro Immune Response and Improved In Vivo Osseointegration

Abstract

Due to their superior mechanical and chemical properties, titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implantable devices. However, their bioinertness represents a limitation, which can be overcome by employing various surface modifications, such as TiO2 nanotube (TNT) fabrication via electrochemical anodization. Anodic TNTs present tunable dimensions and unique structures, turning them into feasible drug delivery platforms. In the present work, TNTs were loaded with icariin (Ica) through an adhesive intermediate layer of polydopamine (DP), and their in vitro and in vivo biological performance was evaluated. The successful fabrication of the modified surfaces was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and contact angle measurements (CA), while the in vitro release of Ica was evaluated via UV-VIS spectrophotometry. In terms of in vitro behaviour, comparative studies on RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrated that the TNT substrates, especially TNT-DP-Ica, elicited a lower inflammatory response compared to the Ti support. Moreover, the in vivo implantation studies evinced generation of a reduced fibrotic capsule around this implant and increased thickness of the newly formed bone tissue at 1 month and 3 months post-implantation, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that the controlled release of Ica from TNT surfaces could result in an improved osseointegration process.

Double S‐Scheme Polydopamine/TiO2/Chlorophyll as Stable and Efficient Green Photoelectrocatalyst

“…It has been found that the presence of hydrophobic Chl‐a dye molecules on surfaces could reduce the interaction between aqueous electrolyte and catalyst surface [43] . Aside from this, PD presence on NT surface decrease the −OH groups density [44] and leads to an insignificant increase in contact angle value (52°). Contact angle found in NT/PD‐Chl is around 69° which sustains the presence of PD and Chl on the NT surface.…”

Metal Nanoparticle-Flavonoid Connections: Synthesis, Physicochemical and Biological Properties, as Well as Potential Applications in Medicine

“…These findings imply that TiO x -Au NCs (50:1) have the potential to be a useful and effective antibacterial agent for wound healing. In the study published in 2022, Negrescu et al explored the use of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNT) loaded with icariin (ICA) through a layer of polydopamine (PDA) as a drug delivery platform for improved osseointegration in orthopedic implants [92]. As synthetic prerequisites for the fabrication of TiO 2 nanotubes, titanium plates were prepared through a process of mechanical polishing and cleaning.…”

“…Apart from iron or zinc oxide NPs, nanoforms of titanium dioxide are often investigated. A drug delivery platform consisting of titanium dioxide nanotubes loaded with ICA through a layer of PDA contributed to improved osseointegration in orthopedic implants [92], whereas flavonoid compounds adsorbed on FTNP revealed antiviral potential against coronaviruses HCoV 229E and SARS-CoV-2 [90]. The summary of the data related to connections of selected metal oxide nanoparticles with flavonoids, which were presented in the section, was included in Table 4.…”

Tissue Engineering Scaffold Material with Enhanced Cell Adhesion and Angiogenesis from Soy Protein Isolate Loaded with Bio Modulated Micro-TiO2 Prepared via Prolonged Sonication for Wound Healing Applications

“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one such bioactive material that is reported to have the potential to induce angiogenesis. 3 The ability of TiO 2 to promote angiogenesis is attributed to the development of reactive oxygen species radicals on exposure to light. TiO 2 is commonly used as a photocatalyst owing to its strong oxidizing abilities, chemical stability, super hydrophilicity, nontoxicity, sturdiness, low cost, and transparency under visible light.…”

“…The use of bioactive materials in scaffolds is found to favorably increase vascularization without the need to add an external growth factor. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one such bioactive material that is reported to have the potential to induce angiogenesis . The ability of TiO 2 to promote angiogenesis is attributed to the development of reactive oxygen species radicals on exposure to light.…”