2008
DOI: 10.1021/ja807106y
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TiO2−WO3 Composite Nanotubes by Alloy Anodization: Growth and Enhanced Electrochromic Properties

Abstract: The present work demonstrates that uniform and highly ordered arrays of TiO(2)-WO(3) nanotubes can be grown by anodization of Ti alloys in an ethylene glycol/fluoride based electrolyte under selected electrochemical conditions. These aligned mixed oxide nanotube structures are highly suitable for enhanced electrochromic reactions; in particular we show that already small amounts of WO(3) (such as 0.2 at%) present in the tube oxide drastically improve the electrochromic properties (contrast, onset potential, cy… Show more

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Cited by 226 publications
(159 citation statements)
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“…Other, supporting studies on the electrochromism in W-Ti oxide have been reported for films prepared by sputtering [16][17][18][19], chemical technology involving spraying [20][21][22] dipping [16,23] or spinning [24][25][26], electrodeposition [27,28] and anodization [29]. The enhanced stability has been investigated in depth in recent work on W-Ti oxide films made by sputtering [30,31] and chemical techniques [26].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…Other, supporting studies on the electrochromism in W-Ti oxide have been reported for films prepared by sputtering [16][17][18][19], chemical technology involving spraying [20][21][22] dipping [16,23] or spinning [24][25][26], electrodeposition [27,28] and anodization [29]. The enhanced stability has been investigated in depth in recent work on W-Ti oxide films made by sputtering [30,31] and chemical techniques [26].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…1 More recently, by anodization of titanium in fluoride-containing electrolytes, it is possible to form a similar morphology, that is, self-aligned nanotube arrays. [4][5][6][7] Apart from Al and Ti, self-organized growth of nanoporous or nanotubular oxide structures have also been reported for other valve metals, such as Nb, 8,9 Zr, [10][11][12] Ta, [13][14][15] and W, 16 and alloys, such as TiAl, 17 TiNb, 18 TiZr, 19 TiW, 20 TiMo, 21 and TiTa. 22 Some elements, upon anodization in aqueous fluoride electrolyte, tend to form nanotubular structures such as Ti, Zr, and Hf, whereas others, e.g., Ta, Nb, and W, tend to form nanoporous structures.…”
mentioning
confidence: 92%
“…115 Summarizing, experiments show that metal ion doping extends the absorption spectrum, but in most cases the localized nature of the photogenerated charges limits photocatalytic activity. A particularly advantageous method to dope TiO 2 NTs is to anodize alloys of Ti-X (X = W, Mo, Nb), [116][117][118] nanotubes which exhibited similar high conductivity and found that TiO 2 doped with 0.1 at% Nb at an optimal length of 7 μm could produce up to 1.0 mA/cm 2 of photocurrent. 125 In both sets of studies above, the introduction of large amounts of Nb or Ta had detrimental effects, leading the authors to suggest that these elements act as recombination centers at concentrations greater than the optimal concentration of 0.1 at% for both Ta and Nb.…”
Section: Tio 2 Photoanodes In Photoelectrochemical Applications: Modimentioning
confidence: 99%