Tinnitus-associated cognitive and psychological impairments: a comprehensive review meta-analysis

Abstract

BackgroundTinnitus is strongly associated with an increased risk of cognitive disabilities. The findings of this research will provide valuable support for future investigations aimed at determining the correlation between tinnitus and the risk of cognitive impairments.ObjectivesWe investigated the potential correlation between tinnitus and the risk of various cognitive impairments, such as dementia, compromised learning attention, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. The study examined this relationship collectively and by categorizing the data based on different age groups.MethodsWe compiled data from case–control studies and cohort studies obtained from reputable databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. To minimize potential bias, two reviewers independently assessed the selected articles. After extracting the data, we calculated the pooled odds ratios (ORs) using a random-effects model.ResultsSeventeen relevant studies, comprising an adult population, were included in this analysis. Pooled estimated outcomes revealed a strong association between tinnitus and an elevated risk of dementia-compromised learning, auditory attention, anxiety, depression, and poor sleep quality (P<0.05). Furthermore, the pooled analysis stratified by age demonstrated that patients aged above 60 years, in comparison to those aged 18 to 60 years, exhibited more significant outcomes in relation to the progression of cognitive impairments.ConclusionTinnitus has the potential to increase the risk of cognitive impairments. Moreover, geriatric patients aged above 60 shows a higher susceptibility to developing cognitive disabilities compared to their younger counterparts.

Bridging the Gap between Psychophysiological and Audiological Factors in the Assessment of Tinnitus: An EEG Investigation in the Beta Band

“…No significant differences emerged between the two groups on the anxiety STAI-Y questionnaire in contrast to other evidence showing that subjects with tinnitus have higher anxiety [20]. This could be due to the fact that no patients manifest severe tinnitus (Table 1).…”

“…The THI provides additional data to the traditional psychoacoustic assessment (e.g., pitch and loudness matching, minimum masking levels, residual inhibition). Tinnitus severity is categorized as follows: no handicap (0-16 points), 'mild' (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36), 'moderate' (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56), 'severe' (58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)…”

“…This could be due to the fact that no patients manifest severe tinnitus (Table 1). However, in 11 studies of the 17 reviewed in [20], patients were over 65 years of age. As our sample was relatively young (47.416 ± 12.770), anxiety symptoms in tinnitus patients could be age related.…”

“…Moreover, tinnitus is also associated with poorer performance across various broad cognitive domains [16]. Furthermore, certain personality traits like neuroticism and psychological disorders, especially anxiety and depression, often coexist with tinnitus and may act as predictors for tinnitus severity [17][18][19]; see [20].…”