Tin oxide as a photoanode for dye-sensitised solar cells: Current progress and future challenges

Wali, Qamar; Fakharuddin, Azhar; Jose, Rajan

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.037

Cited by 106 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…26 However, there are some problems when we apply these established methods to organic materials, especially their single crystals. For inorganic semiconductor devices, the doping involves severe conditions such as ultra-high vacuum (¯10 ¹8 Pa), high temperature (²10 2 Zn + , etc. ; ²10 0 10 2 keV).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only general and mild doping method applicable to organic compounds is based on solution or vapor processes as mentioned above. 2733 For example, the single crystals of (ET) 2 (ET = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene; Figure 1) obtained by the electrolysis of ET in the presence of GaCl 4 ¹ and CoCl 4 2¹ in 1,1,2-trichloroethane with the constant current of 0.5¯A at 20°C. 33 Yet such doping processes are irreversible, and do not have spatial resolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Control Method for Conduction and Magnetism in Molecular Crystals

Naito

2016

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

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This study concerns development of a non-destructive method to control conduction and magnetism of molecular solids such as single crystals of charge-transfer complexes. The method is named “optical doping”, where appropriate irradiation is utilized under ambient conditions. Owing to this feature, it can be applied to a wide range of substances while measuring the properties during the control. In addition, the method adds unique conduction and magnetic properties to common insulators. Unlike other doping methods, optical doping only affects the properties and/or structures of the irradiated part of a sample while leaving the rest of the sample unchanged. There are two patterns in the optical doping. Irreversible optical doping produces junction-structures on the single molecular crystals, which exhibit characteristic behavior of semiconductor devices such as diodes and varistors. Reversible optical doping produces “giant photoconductors” and “photomagnetic conductors” by realizing unprecedented metallic photoconduction. In the latter case, localized spins are also excited to produce a Kondo system, where carriers and localized spins interact with each other. Not only the control of conduction and magnetism, the optical doping has realized the observation of physical properties in molecular crystals hardly observed under any thermodynamic condition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Control Method for Conduction and Magnetism in Molecular Crystals

Naito

2016

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

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“…However, its high cost, low hole mobility and lack of long term stability call for replacement with new hole transport materials including inorganic materials, e.g., NiO, CuI, CuSCN, CsSnI3 and so on. Most of the researches on DSCs have been devoted to architectures based on n-type semiconductors (n-SC) [20][21][22][23][24]. It is however possible to use a p-type semiconductor as photocathode.…”

Section: M`eṕ Injectedq ñ M´(6)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic p-Type Semiconductors: Their Applications and Progress in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells

Yum

Moon

et al. 2016

Energies

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Considering the increasing global demand for energy and the harmful ecological impact of conventional energy sources, it is obvious that development of clean and renewable energy is a necessity. Since the Sun is our only external energy source, harnessing its energy, which is clean, non-hazardous and infinite, satisfies the main objectives of all alternative energy strategies. With attractive features, i.e., good performance, low-cost potential, simple processibility, a wide range of applications from portable power generation to power-windows, photoelectrochemical solar cells like dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) represent one of the promising methods for future large-scale power production directly from sunlight. While the sensitization of n-type semiconductors (n-SC) has been intensively studied, the use of p-type semiconductor (p-SC), e.g., the sensitization of wide bandgap p-SC and hole transport materials with p-SC have also been attracting great attention. Recently, it has been proved that the p-type inorganic semiconductor as a charge selective material or a charge transport material in organometallic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) shows a significant impact on solar cell performance. Therefore the study of p-type semiconductors is important to rationally design efficient DSCs and PSCs. In this review, recent published works on p-type DSCs and PSCs incorporated with an inorganic p-type semiconductor and our perspectives on this topic are discussed.

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“…1,2 Essential to the development of such photoanodes is the sensitization of the porous transparent semi-conductive metal oxide film by redox-active chromophores that adsorb visible light and promote fast electron injection into the conduction band of the semiconductor. The ensuing photo-oxidized chromophore can then be used either directly or indirectly (i.e., through the intermediate of a coimmobilized catalyst) to oxidize a substrate in solution (e.g., water in the case of a water-splitting DSPEC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite this, only poor device efficiencies have been reported to date with nanoporous SnO 2 -based photoanodes. 2 Better understanding the factors limiting the performance of nanoporous SnO 2 photoanodes compared to those based on other nanostructured metal oxides is therefore key to better assess 4 the actual potentialities offered by this material in DSPEC applications. These factors include not only the dynamics of electron transport by diffusion throughout the mesoporous metal-oxide network, but also the interfacial electron transfer kinetics associated both to the photoinjection of electrons in SnO 2 and to the back electron transfer (BET) resulting from charge recombination between electrons injected in SnO 2 and the oxidized dye or species present in solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Charge Transfer in Functionalized Mesoporous EISA–SnO₂ Films

et al. 2017

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Semiconductive transparent thin films of periodically organized nanostructured SnO2 were prepared on flat conductive ITO substrates by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) under different dip-coating regimes and then functionalized by two redox-active chromophores, i.e., the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) able to reversibly exchange 2 e– and 2 H+ and the [OsII(bpy)2(4,4′-CH2PO3H2-bpy)]2+ complex (OsP) involving a fast and reversible one-electron transfer. The redox behavior of these two chemisorbed chromophores was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and cyclic voltabsorptometry. On account of the distinct formal potential of the two redox chromophores relative to the position of the lower conduction band edge of SnO2, the heterogeneous electron transfer was observed to be either reversible (FMN) or irreversible (OsP). In the case of the OsP-functionalized SnO2 electrode, quantitative analysis of the cyclic voltabsorptograms was achieved within the framework of our previously proposed kinetic model of charge transfer/transport in mesoporous semiconductive films (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.20151710592), allowing for direct comparison between EISA–TiO2 and EISA–SnO2 electrodes. It is notably shown that the interfacial electron transfer between the adsorbed redox chromophore and the SnO2 interface is the rate-determining process under our experimental conditions. It is additionally demonstrated that the electrons trapped in the low-energy surface states of EISA–SnO2 can directly participate in the interfacial electron transfer, a behavior that strongly contrasts that which we had previously found at EISA–TiO2 electrodes (i.e., wherein only electrons from the conduction band were involved in the interfacial electron transfer).

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Tin oxide as a photoanode for dye-sensitised solar cells: Current progress and future challenges

Cited by 106 publications

References 145 publications

Development of a Control Method for Conduction and Magnetism in Molecular Crystals

Development of a Control Method for Conduction and Magnetism in Molecular Crystals

Inorganic p-Type Semiconductors: Their Applications and Progress in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells

Investigating Charge Transfer in Functionalized Mesoporous EISA–SnO₂ Films

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Tin oxide as a photoanode for dye-sensitised solar cells: Current progress and future challenges

Cited by 106 publications

References 145 publications

Development of a Control Method for Conduction and Magnetism in Molecular Crystals

Development of a Control Method for Conduction and Magnetism in Molecular Crystals

Inorganic p-Type Semiconductors: Their Applications and Progress in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells

Investigating Charge Transfer in Functionalized Mesoporous EISA–SnO2 Films

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Investigating Charge Transfer in Functionalized Mesoporous EISA–SnO₂ Films