Timing of the Pubertal Growth Spurt and Prostate Cancer

Célind, Jimmy; Bygdell, Maria; Martikainen, Jari; Styrke, Johan; Damber, Jan‐Erik; Kindblom, Jenny M; Ohlsson, Claes

doi:10.3390/cancers13246238

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…9 A study of cases (n = 1963) and controls (n = 2078) demonstrates there is 21% higher possibilities of prostate cancer in subjects with history of acne. 32 Regarding late puberty onset, this is associated with a decrease in prostate cancer risk 12,15,16,19 ; however, there are differences among these studies. The definition of puberty onset varies as most of these reports consider different single pubertal events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike women, there is not a single event for men that signals the onset of puberty 10 . Therefore, studies that evaluate the association between puberty and prostate cancer define the onset of puberty considering the age at which different pubertal events start, each event independently 11–23 . Results are inconsistent; nevertheless, they suggest that a later onset of beard shaving, 12 attainment of maximum height at a later age, 15,19 and growth spurt at >15 years old 16 might be related to a lower risk of prostate cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Therefore, studies that evaluate the association between puberty and prostate cancer define the onset of puberty considering the age at which different pubertal events start, each event independently. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Results are inconsistent; nevertheless, they suggest that a later onset of beard shaving, 12 attainment of maximum height at a later age, 15,19 and growth spurt at >15 years old 16 might be related to a lower risk of prostate cancer. In addition, prospective studies 8 show that acne, specifically severe acne history, is associated with 5.7 times increased prostate cancer risk (relative risk: 5.70, confidence interval [CI]: 95%: 1.42-22.85).…”

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Late puberty onset and lack of acne during adolescence reduce high‐grade prostate cancer at adulthood

et al. 2023

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BackgroundThe interplay between pubertal events patterns (PEP) and prostate cancer (PCa) remains poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the association of PEP with the odds of PCa, and PCa histological differentiation in men residents of Mexico city.MethodsIn this case–control study, we analyzed the information of 371 incident prostate cancer cases and 775 controls matched on age (±5 years). High‐grade prostate cancer was classified with Gleason score at diagnosis as ≥8. With information related to beard growth, age at maximum height attainment, and acne severity, the k‐medoids algorithm was used to identify three mutually exclusive PEP (early, intermediate, and late). This association was evaluated using multivariable nonconditional logistic regression models.ResultsMen with late PEP, characterized by age at maximum height attainment at around 23 years and no history of acne, was inversely associated with incident (odds ratio [OR]: 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15–0.48, p trend <0.01) and high‐grade prostate cancer (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09–0.59, p trend <0.01). Similar associations were observed even after adjusting by IGF‐1 (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06–0.58) and androgens excretion (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06–0.66). Only the association between the absence of acne and prostate cancer remained significant after adjustment by these biomarkers.ConclusionsThis study suggests that pubertal characteristics might be helpful in identifying risk groups, among which, secondary prevention strategies could be applied. Also, the results agree with previous work suggesting other potential biological mechanisms involved in the etiology of prostate cancer such as the infectious and inflammatory pathways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

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Late puberty onset and lack of acne during adolescence reduce high‐grade prostate cancer at adulthood

et al. 2023

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“…Early puberty increases many subsequent physical and psychological unhealthy conditions or diseases. Indeed, several studies showed a significant association between early puberty and endocrine diseases, for example, early menopause, breast cancer, and prostate cancer [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and Nutrients Intakes during Infancy and Childhood in Relation to Early Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Tang

Xue

Huang³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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The onset of puberty has become earlier over the decades, and nutrients and diet are related to the timing of puberty onset. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association between diet or nutrients in infancy, childhood and early puberty. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library were searched systematically up to 15 April 2022. The pooled relative risks (RRs) or regression coefficients (beta) were estimated using the random-effect model or fixed-effect model according to the heterogeneity between studies. Twenty-two articles on diet or nutrients in childhood and six about breastfeeding in infancy were included. The prolonged breastfeeding duration in infancy could reduce the risk of early menarche (beta 0.31, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.60, p = 0.045). The high intake of yogurt was associated with a 35% reduction in the risk of earlier menarche (RR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.89, p = 0.008). Girls with severe food insecurity experienced later menarche (RR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.98, p = 0.027). Conversely, due to the high intake of protein, the risk of early menarche increased by 8% (RR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.16, p = 0.016). High intake of yogurt, longer duration of breastfeeding, and food insecurity decreased the possibility of earlier menarche, while high intake of protein increased that risk. As a modifiable factor, diet and nutrients in infancy and childhood provide new insights into the future prevention of early puberty.

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“…The frequency of high-grade prostate cancer doubles every ten years [1].Puberty is critical for susceptibility to prostate cancer later in life [3]. Older age at sexual maturation is linked to a decreased risk of prostate cancer later [4,5]. Thus, prostate cancer is partially quasi-programmed (it will be discussed later) in puberty and would develop almost in everyone, if other causes of death did not exist.…”

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Are menopause, aging and prostate cancer diseases?

Blagosklonny

2022

Aging

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Prostate cancerProstate cancer is an age-related disease. Every man would be diagnosed with prostate cancer, except that most men do not live long enough, dying from other age-related diseases. The frequency of prostate cancer detected by autopsy is 30-fold higher than mortality from prostate cancer so that "more men die with prostate cancer than because of it" [1]. Among men aged 70-79, a tumor is found by autopsy in 36% of Caucasians and 51% of African-Americans [1,2]. The older the man, the higher frequency of autopsy-detected prostate cancer. The frequency of high-grade prostate cancer doubles every ten years [1].Puberty is critical for susceptibility to prostate cancer later in life [3]. Older age at sexual maturation is linked to a decreased risk of prostate cancer later [4,5]. Thus, prostate cancer is partially quasi-programmed (it will be discussed later) in puberty and would develop almost in everyone, if other causes of death did not exist. Prostate enlargement or BPHBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common age-related disease in men. An enlarged prostate can block the urethra, leading to an inability to urinate and kidney damage and, if left untreated, to death. Benign prostatic hyperplasia can be detectable by the age of 30. Between 30 and 50 the prostate grows in size, with a doubling time of 4.5 years. Between 51 and 70 years old, the doubling time is around 10 years [6]. Thus, the prostate is enlarged in every aging man, and therefore it is a "normal" disease, occurring in everyone, often asymptomatic.Early in puberty, the prostate doubles in size, and its secretory function is increased to produce prostate fluid. During puberty, the prostate reaches the required size and function, but it continues to grow without purpose, becoming eventually hypertrophic, hyperplasic and hyper functional. The disease is quasiprogrammed, a continuation of the developmental growth and reproductive program that was not switched off upon its completion. Quasi-programs are purely harmful and unintended by nature, but they are a continuation (or a byproduct) of essential programs, so natural selection is powerless to eliminate them. (Note: The force of natural selection is negligible late in life, so selection is very weak against quasiprograms. Natural selection is maximally strong for growth and reproductive programs, and quasiprograms are by-products).

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Timing of the Pubertal Growth Spurt and Prostate Cancer

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Late puberty onset and lack of acne during adolescence reduce high‐grade prostate cancer at adulthood

Late puberty onset and lack of acne during adolescence reduce high‐grade prostate cancer at adulthood

Diet and Nutrients Intakes during Infancy and Childhood in Relation to Early Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Are menopause, aging and prostate cancer diseases?

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