Timing of return from altitude training for optimal sea level performance

Chapman, Robert F.; Stickford, Abigail S.L.; Lundby, Carsten; Levine, Benjamin D.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00663.2013

Cited by 53 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(67 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Alterations in the biomechanical and neuromuscular components associated with force production are some of the factors recently suggested by Chapman et al [36] that influence changes in performance following altitude training. According to this, the improvement in speed movement can also be attributed to an enhanced firing frequency of motoneurons and spinal reflexes.…”

Section: A Description Of the Mechanisms And Metabolic Factors Relatementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Training Using Different Hypoxic Training Strategies: a Basis for Hypertrophy and Muscle Power Development

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The possible muscular strength, hypertrophy, and muscle power benefits of resistance training under environmental conditions of hypoxia are currently being investigated.Nowadays, resistance training in hypoxia constitutes a promising new training strategy for strength and muscle gains. The main mechanisms responsible for these effects seem to be related to increased metabolite accumulation due to hypoxia. However, no data are reported in the literature to describe and compare the efficacy of the different hypertrophic resistance training strategies in hypoxia.Moreover, improvements in sprinting, jumping, or throwing performance have also been described at terrestrial altitude, encouraging research into the speed of explosive movements at altitude. It has been suggested that the reduction in the aerodynamic resistance and/or the increase in the anaerobic metabolism at higher altitudes can influence the metabolic cost, increase the take-off velocities, or improve the motor unit recruitment patterns, which may explain these improvements. Despite these findings, the applicability of altitude conditions in improving muscle power by resistance training remains to be clarified.This review examines current knowledge regarding resistance training in different types of hypoxia, focusing on strategies designed to improve muscle hypertrophy as well as power for explosive movements.

show abstract

Section: A Description Of the Mechanisms And Metabolic Factors Relatementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Training Using Different Hypoxic Training Strategies: a Basis for Hypertrophy and Muscle Power Development

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…An athlete's busy travel schedule, external commitments, and competition program make it difficult to time competing at sea level after an altitude training camp. Chapman et al (2014), suggested that if an athlete completes a 4-week altitude training camp, followed by a short time (~7-14 days) at sea level to compete, returning to altitude even for a short time may mitigate or delay the effects of neocytolysis by re-establishing EPO levels, although this has not been proven. This is not for added erythropoiesis, as is typically done with altitude residence, but more to delay the selective destruction of reticulocytes due to lower than baseline EPO concentrations, as a result of the athlete just remaining at sea level.…”

Section: Practical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brief periods of severe hypoxia have been suggested as a potential method to prevent the sudden decrease in EPO (Pottgiesser et al., ). This in turn would preserve the hematological acclimatization response for a longer time, thereby expanding the window for endurance training and optimal competition racing (Chapman et al., ). Figure illustrates the previous investigations that have demonstrated an increase in EPO as a result of hypoxic exposures lasting 5 min to 5.5 h (Eckardt et al., ; Knaupp et al., ; Rodríguez et al., ; Ge et al., ; Niess et al., ; Friedmann et al., ; MacKenzie et al., ; Wahl et al., ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The removal of the altitude stimulus appears to result in a re-acclimatization to sea level (Garvican et al, 2012). Chapman et al (2014) stated that if an athlete completes a 4-week altitude training camp, followed by a short time (~7 to 14 days) at sea level to compete, returning to altitude even for a short time may mitigate or delay these effects by re-establishing EPO levels again.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The time course of endogenous erythropoietin, IL‐6, and TNFα in response to acute hypoxic exposures

Turner

Gibson

Watt

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

21Erythropoietin (EPO) rapidly decreases on return from chronic altitude exposure. Acute hypoxia may 22provide an additional stimulus to prevent this decline in EPO. Optimal normobaric hypoxic exposure 23 has not been established; therefore, investigation of methods eliciting the greatest response, whilst 24 not causing any addition stress is required. Eight physically active males (age 27 ± 4 yrs, body mass 25 77.5 ± 9.0 kg, height 179 ± 6 cm) attended the laboratory on four separate occasions, in a 26 randomised order, and rested passively in a hypoxic chamber for 2 h whilst exposed to four 27 simulated altitudes [FiO 2 : 0.209 (SL) 4,800 m [EPO] increased from 5.9 ± 1.5 to 8.1 ± 1.5 mUmL -1 (P = 0.009) and 6.0 ± 1.4 to 8.9 ± 2.0 32 mUmL -1 (P = 0.037), respectively, with the mean increase in [EPO] peaking at 4h (2h post-exposure). 33,Results indicate there were no differences found in IL-6 or TNFα during or post-exposure. An 34 increase in endogenous [EPO] was found two hours post-hypoxic exposure as result of two hours of 35 normobaric hypoxia, equivalent to 4,200 m and above. There was no dose-response relationship in 36[EPO] between the severity of simulated hypoxia. 37Key words: hypoxia, EPO, altitude, cytokines, inflammation, 38 39 2 Introduction 1Exercise performance and haematological responses have been shown to be variable in response to 2 altitude exposures (Chapman et al. 1998;Chapman 2013). Practitioners and coaches should 3 therefore consider individualising an athlete's post-altitude training strategy in order to fully 4 optimise the benefits of the camp. Elite coach, Dick (1992), discussed training at altitude in practice 5 and suggested that on return from altitude, time was needed to reach a stage were performance 6 shows a clear sign of benefit. Although these assumptions were based upon the training status of 7 the athlete, there is haematological evidence to suggest there is a 're-acclimatisation' that occurs 8 when returning to sea level from altitude. Garvican et al. (2012) observed a 1.5% decrease in 9 tHbmass within 3 days of decent from a 3 week natural altitude training camp, which persisted when 10 measured 10 days after decent and Pottgiesser et al. (2012) found that 9 days after completing at 26 11 day simulated altitude training camp there was a 3.0% decrease in tHbmass. Brugniaux et al. (2006) 12 andHeinicke et al. (2005) both found tHbmass in increased after 3 days at sea level but returned to 13 baseline levels after 16 and 15 days, respectively. 14 Prommer et al. (2009) found that when natural altitude dwellers reside at sea level for sustained 15 durations, a reduction in tHbmass occurs. The study found tHbmass remained stable within the first 16 2 weeks at sea level followed by a reduction of ~2% per week before levelling off around 5-6 weeks 17 post-altitude. The reduction in tHbmass was attributed to transiently suppressed erythropoietin 18 (EPO) as a result of returning to a normoxic environment . The removal of the 19 altitude stimulus appear to result in...

show abstract

“…Previous studies have suggested that aerobic capacity usually peaks within 1-3 weeks after the end of other methods of altitude training than IHT (8). After that, aerobic capacity tends to decline (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training Followed by Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Aerobic Capacity of Long Distance Runners

Nakamoto

Ivamoto²,

Andrade

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) are still controversial and detraining effects remain uninvestigated. Therefore, we investigated (a) whether IHT improves aerobic capacity; (b) whether aerobic detraining occurs post-IHT; and (c) whether intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) at rest reduces a possible aerobic detraining post-IHT. Twenty eight runners (21 men/7 women; 36 ± 2 years; maximal oxygen uptake [V[Combining Dot Above]O2max] 55.4 ± 1.3 ml·kg·min) participated in a single-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Twice a week, 1 group performed 6 weeks of IHT (n = 11), followed by 4 weeks of IHE (n = 11) at rest (IHT+IHE group). Another group performed 6 weeks of IHT (n = 10), followed by 4 weeks of normoxic exposure (NE, n = 9) at rest (IHT+NE group). A control group performed 6 weeks of normoxic training (NT, n = 7), followed by 4 weeks of NE (n = 6) at rest (NT+NE group). Hematological and submaximal/maximal aerobic measurements were conducted in normoxia at pretraining, posttraining, and postexposure. Hemoglobin concentration did not change, but lactate threshold and running economy improved in all groups at posttraining (p ≤ 0.05 vs. pretraining). Ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max increased after IHT (IHT+IHE group: 7.3, 5.4, and 9.2%, respectively; IHT+NE group: 10.7, 7.5, and 4.8%; p ≤ 0.05 vs. pretraining), but not after NT (-1.1, -1.0, and -3.8%; p > 0.05 vs. pretraining). Such IHT-induced adaptations were maintained at postexposure (p > 0.05 vs. postexposure). In conclusion, IHT induced further aerobic improvements than NT. These additional IHT adaptations were maintained for 4 weeks post-IHT, regardless of IHE.

show abstract

Timing of return from altitude training for optimal sea level performance

Cited by 53 publications

References 50 publications

Resistance Training Using Different Hypoxic Training Strategies: a Basis for Hypertrophy and Muscle Power Development

Resistance Training Using Different Hypoxic Training Strategies: a Basis for Hypertrophy and Muscle Power Development

The time course of endogenous erythropoietin, IL‐6, and TNFα in response to acute hypoxic exposures

Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training Followed by Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Aerobic Capacity of Long Distance Runners

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About