“…Characterized by less load bearing and less mobility, bone retention in maxillofacial surgery is key to the success of bone reconstruction and bone grafting. , For example, immediate bone flap replacement requires in situ bone retention after craniotomy surgeries caused by empyema, infection, and tumors. − Meanwhile, autogenous onlay bone graft has been widely adopted for bone augmentation in maxillofacial implant surgery, where onlay bone retention is necessary. − Being heterogeneous, traditional invasive technologies including sutures and staples with metal wires or clamps (e.g., plates, screws, and pins) to provide bone retention have been reported to cause complications such as foreign-body reactions, stress shielding, aseptic loosening, fatigue breakage, and osteoporosis, which may eventually call for a second operation. − Given the advantages of biocompatibility and biodegradation, bone adhesive biomaterials have been developed to achieve decent bone adhesion, especially in maxillofacial surgery where the stress on bone tissue is relatively small and the one-step operation is better for psychological and aesthetic repair. , …”