Timescales of magma transport in the Columbia River flood basalts, determined by paleomagnetic data

Biasi, Joseph; Karlstrom, L.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117169

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The higher emplacement rates (indicated as “maximum”) are, however, possible but cannot be constrained by our thermal modeling. Vertical arrows indicate volumetric flow rates in a 1-km-long vertical feeder dike with widths of 1, 2, 5, and 10 m. Time-averaged volcanic eruption and felsic intrusion rates ( 4 ) are added for reference as are estimates of magma feeder and flow rates in flood basalt provinces and LIPs ( 57 , 58 , 60 ). Horizontal green box indicates the range of fault slip rates (indicated by dashed horizontal lines) estimated to accommodate caldera supereruption rates (indicated by dashed vertical lines) ( 65 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eruptive flow rates estimated for the basaltic lava flows associated with some Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) ( 57 – 59 ) are well above our conservative estimates of Q , probably because the feeder dikes are longer and thicker, while other LIPs have similar values. Taking the Columbia River Basalts as an example, such flow rates range from 1 to 14 km 3 /day (365 to 5110 km 3 /year) for the Maxwell feeder dikes ( 60 ), 20 to 40 km 3 /day (7300 to 14,600 km 3 /year) for the Wapshilla Ridge Member basalts ( 61 ), 72 km 3 /day (26,280 km 3 /year) for Umatilla Member basalts ( 62 ), and up to 100 km 3 /day (36,500 km 3 /year) for the Rose Member basalts ( 63 ). It is also noteworthy that although the time-averaged rate of magma emplacement of basaltic sills and dikes in the Karoo LIP is estimated to have been ~0.78 km 3 /year, intrusion of individual shallow sills in this system may have occurred at rates of 60 to 300 km 3 /year ( 54 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…for the Maxwell feeder dikes (60), 20 to 40 km 3 /day (7300 to 14,600 km 3 /year) for the Wapshilla Ridge Member basalts (61), 72 km 3 /day (26,280 km 3 /year) for Umatilla Member basalts (62), and up to 100 km 3 /day (36,500 km 3 /year) for the Rose Member basalts (63). It is also noteworthy that although the time-averaged rate of magma emplacement of basaltic sills and dikes in the Karoo LIP is estimated to have been ~0.78 km 3 /year, intrusion of individual shallow sills in this system may have occurred at rates of 60 to 300 km 3 /year (54).…”

Section: Fig 5 Vertical Growth Rates (Dh/dt) Versus Volumetric Flow R...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catastrophic growth of totally molten magma chambers in months to years

et al. 2022

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The vertical growth rate of basaltic magma chambers remains largely unknown with available estimates being highly uncertain. Here, we propose a novel approach to address this issue using the classical Skaergaard intrusion that started crystallizing from all margins inward only after it had been completely filled with magma. Our numerical simulations indicate that to keep the growing Skaergaard magma chamber completely molten, the vertical growth rate must have been on the order of several hundreds to a few thousands of meters per year, corresponding to volumetric flow rates of tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers per year. These rates are several orders of magnitude higher than current estimates and were likely achieved by rapid subsidence of the floor rocks along faults. We propose that the Skaergaard is a plutonic equivalent of supereruptions or intrusions that grow via catastrophically rapid magma emplacement into the crust, producing totally molten magma chambers in a matter of a few months to dozens of years.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fig 5 Vertical Growth Rates (Dh/dt) Versus Volumetric Flow R...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catastrophic growth of totally molten magma chambers in months to years

et al. 2022

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“…For CFBs, the apparent generality of structures and scaling provide a template for future study both of the CRBG and Deccan as well as other flood basalt systems. We expect that future work incorporating compositions (Reidel, Camp, Tolan, & Martin, 2013), paleomagnetic polarity (Biasi & Karlstrom, 2021), and direct geochronology (Fendley et al, 2019;Kasbohm & Schoene, 2018;Schoene et al, 2021;Sheth et al, 2019) will be necessary to robustly link individual segments together. Additional statistical characterization, such as analysis of the dendrogram generated via the hierarchical clustering methods (Jarman, 2020), could seek to establish the range of mesoscale structures that exist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Spatial Patterns in Giant Dike Swarms Identified Through Objective Feature Extraction

Kubo Hutchison,

Karlstrom,

Mittal

2023

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Dike swarms are ubiquitous on terrestrial planets and represent the frozen remnants of magma transport networks. However, spatial complexity, protracted emplacement history, and uneven surface exposure typically make it difficult to quantify patterns in dike swarms on different scales. In this study, we address this challenge using the Hough transform (HT) to objectively link dissected dike segments and analyze multiscale spatial structure in dike swarms. We apply this method to swarms of three scales: the Spanish Peaks, USA; the Columbia River Flood Basalt Group (CRBG), USA; the Deccan Traps Flood Basalts, India. First, we cluster dike segments in HT space, recognizing prevalent linearly aligned structures that represent single dikes or dike packets, with lengths up to 10 − 30x the mapped mean segment length. Second, we identify colinear and radial dike segment mesoscale structures within each data set, using the HT to segment swarms into constituent spatial patterns. We show that for both the CRBG and Deccan Traps, a single radial or circumferential swarm does not well characterize the data. Instead, multiple and sometimes overlapping mesoscale linear and radial features are prevalent suggesting a complex history of crustal stresses. The HT can provide useful insights in a variety of geologic settings where many quasi‐linear features, at any scale, are superimposed spatially.

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“…• This method could be attempted on substrates contacting intrusive dikes, as this may allow easier sampling at greater distances from the lava. For example, the modified baked contact used by Biasi and Karlstrom [2021] to constrain the active lifetime of dikes is similar to our method and could be extended to assess the heating of adjacent materials. When comparing the heating around dikes to that under lava flows, it is important to note that previous studies have suggested the dominant heat transfer mechanisms in the two contexts may not be the same [Wilson 1962;Baker et al 2015].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using paleomagnetism to determine the heating effect of lava flows on underlying substrates

2022

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The extent to which heat from lava flows passes into underlying and adjacent materials has significant implications for volcanic hazard studies. Here we demonstrate how paleomagnetism can be used as a tool to determine the heating effects of lava flows in the pre-existing substrates over which they flow. Samples from soils taken beneath lava flows from Rangitoto and Puketutu eruptive centres (Auckland Volcanic Field, Aotearoa New Zealand) and a human-made berm beneath the June 27th Lava Flow (2014–2015; Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, USA) were subjected to progressive thermal demagnetization to assess the strength and stability of their remanent magnetizations. The temperature and depth to which these soils display a strong coherent magnetization represents the extent to which they were remagnetized (and therefore heated) by the overlying flow. Results suggest heating to at least 570 ℃ at depths of up to 21 cm below the substrate-flow contact. This information is valuable for constraining and validating heat transfer models, which can be used to assess the lava flows’ subterranean thermal hazard. Among many uses, this is vital for emergency management planning for buried infrastructure networks traversing regions that could be exposed to effusive volcanic activity. Further afield, in astrobiology, it might find application in determining the thickness of a substrate layer heated sufficiently by a lava flow to kill living organisms.

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Timescales of magma transport in the Columbia River flood basalts, determined by paleomagnetic data

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Catastrophic growth of totally molten magma chambers in months to years

Catastrophic growth of totally molten magma chambers in months to years

Multiscale Spatial Patterns in Giant Dike Swarms Identified Through Objective Feature Extraction

Using paleomagnetism to determine the heating effect of lava flows on underlying substrates

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