Kida T, Inui K, Tanaka E, Kakigi R. Dynamics of within-, inter-, and cross-modal attentional modulation. J Neurophysiol 105: 674 -686, 2011. First published December 8, 2010 doi:10.1152/jn.00807.2009. Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of spatial attention within single sensory modalities (within-modal spatial attention) and the effect of directing attention to one sense compared with the other senses (intermodal attention) on cortical neuronal activity. Furthermore, recent studies have been revealing that the effects of spatial attention directed to a certain location in a certain sense spread to the other senses at the same location in space (cross-modal spatial attention). The present study used magnetoencephalography to examine the temporal dynamics of the effects of within-modal and cross-modal spatial and intermodal attention on cortical processes responsive to visual stimuli. Visual or tactile stimuli were randomly presented on the left or right side at a random interstimulus interval and subjects directed attention to the left or right when vision or touch was a task-relevant modality. Sensor-space analysis showed that a response around the occipitotemporal region at around 150 ms after visual stimulation was significantly enhanced by within-modal, cross-modal spatial, and intermodal attention. A later response over the right frontal region at around 200 ms was enhanced by within-modal spatial and intermodal attention, but not by cross-modal spatial attention. These effects were estimated to originate from the occipitotemporal and lateral frontal areas, respectively. Thus the results suggest different spatiotemporal dynamics of neural representations of cross-modal attention and intermodal or within-modal attention.
I N T R O D U C T I O NAttention is often directed to sensory signals coming from different senses in the same space. However, previous studies have traditionally focused on the effect of spatial attention within single sensory modalities (within-modal spatial attention) (Hillyard et al. 1987;Luck et al. 1990;Mangun and Hillyard 1990;Martinez et al. 1999;Muller et al. 1998;Poghosyan and Ioannides 2008;Schoenfeld et al. 2003). Some studies have reported attentional modulation of visual processing when attention was directed to vision compared with when it was directed the other senses (intermodal selective attention) (de Ruiter et al. 1998; Eimer and Schroger 1998;Hackley et al. 1990; Kok 2001, 2002;Woods et al. 1992). The intermodal studies have suggested the contribution of modalityspecific brain areas to the effect of intermodal attention (Eimer and Schroger 1998;Talsma and Kok 2001;Woods et al. 1992) and similar effects of intermodal and within-modal attention (Talsma and Kok 2001). The effects of intermodal and withinmodal attention have also been observed in single-unit and multiunit recordings in the visual cortex of monkeys (Luck et al. 1997; Mehta et al. 2000a,b).Furthermore, it remains a matter of debate whether the effect of attention on cortical processing spreads across ...