Time-Varying Convergences of Environmental Footprint Levels between European Countries

Abstract

This study proposes the time-varying nonlinear panel unit root test to investigate the convergence of ecological foot prints between the EU and candidate countries. Sixteen European countries (such as Albania, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden and Turkey) and analysis periods are selected according to data availability. This study proposes a cross-sectional Panel KSS with Fourier to test the convergence of the ecological footprints. Then, we combine this methodology with the rolling window method to take into account the time-varying stationarity of series. This study evaluated sub-components of ecological footprints separately and provided more comprehensive findings for the ecological footprint. According to empirical findings, this study proves that convergence or divergence does not show continuity over time. On the other side, this study points out the presence of divergence draws attention when considering the properties of the sub-components in general. As a result, this study shows that international policies by EU countries are generally accepted as successful to reduce ecological footprint, but these are not sufficient as expected. In this point, it is suggested to keep national policies to support international policies in the long term.

Winner or loser? The asymmetric role of natural resource rents on financial development among resource‐rich countries

“…Gallant (1981), Rodrigues and Taylor (2012), Enders and Lee (2012a, 2012b) and Yıldırım et al (2021) proposed a testing process based on the Fourier approach to solve the need for a priori information for the existence of structural breaks. Subsequently, Lee et al (2015), on the other hand, developed a panel version of the Fourier DF‐type test, which allows smooth transitions in the deterministic term, which they modeled with the Fourier function, following the approach of Enders and Lee (2012b).…”

Convergence analysis of ecological footprint at different time scales: Evidence from Southern Common Market countries

“…Tillaguango et al 55 test the convergence of per capita EF in 16 Latin American countries from 1990 to 2016. Yildirim et al 56 test the club convergence for EU and candidate countries. Besides, Abbassi and Haq 57 show the existence of β-convergence for 88 developed and developing countries from 1978 to 2017 using spatial econometric models.…”

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management

“…The EU has been a pioneer in the field of environmental policies since the 1970s and has environmental acquisitions consisting of 500 directives, regulations and decisions (EEA 2015;Yildirim et al 2021). In line with the Paris Climate Agreement, the governments of EU countries have declared that coal should be phased out by 2030 (IPCC 2014).…”