Time urgency: The construct and its measurement.

By one recent account, only 26% of software development projects are completed on schedule, within budget, and with the promised functionality. The remaining 74% are troubled in some way: they are either cancelled before the development cycle is completed (28%) or are delivered late, over budget, and with reduced functionality (46%). In many cases, the most cost-effective solution would be to abort the troubled project early in the cycle, but senior managers are often unaware of the project's problems. Anecdotal evidence and at least one recent study suggest that losses are sometimes increased by the reluctance of organizational members to transmit negative information concerning a project and its status. Thus, although evidence of a failing course of action may exist in the lower ranks of an organization, this information sometimes fails to be communicated up the hierarchy or is substantially distorted in the process. The result is that decisionmakers with the authority to change the direction of the project are unaware of its true status. By modelling this reluctance to transmit negative project status information and improving our understanding of the phenomenon, we believe that prescriptions can be developed eventually to reduce the losses from troubled development projects. In this theory development paper, we examine the reluctance to transmit negative information and develop a theoretical model that explains this phenomenon within a software project context. The model we develop draws on literature from the fields of organizational behaviour and communications, ethics, economics, information systems and psychology, and points the direction for future research.

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Commuting Stress: Problems of Definition and Variable Identification

Koslowsky

1997

Applied Psychology

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Bien que les chercheurs reconnaisssent I'experience du changement comme source potentielle de stress, les rksultats concernant son impact sur des conduites variees individuelles ou organisationnelles ont ete peu concluants. Dans le present article, une revue des etudes qui examinkrent I'influence potentielle du stress de changement sur des mesures de contraintes psychologiques, physiologiques et comportementales, est proposke et relkve des contradictions. Un modde est dkcrit, liant des mesures objectives et subjectives de l'agent de stress, directement ou indirectement aux conduites. II est suggCrt qu'en incluant plusieurs moderateurs critiques, par exemple le contrBle, la predictibilite et I'urgence dans le temps, des predictions Cmanant de stimuli de stress de changement pourraient &tre mises en avant.Although researchers recognise the commuting experience as a potential source of stress, findings regarding its impact on various individual and organisational outcomes have been inconclusive. In the present paper, a review of relevant studies that examined the potential influence of commuting stress on psychological, physiological, and behavioural strain measures is reported and inconsistencies noted. A model linking objective and subjective measures of the stressor directly and indirectly to outcome is described. It is suggested that by including several critical moderators, such as control, predictability, and time urgency, predictions emanating from commuting stress stimuli can be enhanced.

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Time urgency: The construct and its measurement.

Cited by 11 publications

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Are we in-sync? The role of employee–supervisor pacing fit in employee work outcomes

Are we in-sync? The role of employee–supervisor pacing fit in employee work outcomes

The reluctance to report bad news on troubled software projects: a theoretical model

Commuting Stress: Problems of Definition and Variable Identification

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