Time trends in referrals to child and adolescent gender identity services: a study in four Nordic countries and in the UK

Kaltiala, Riittakerttu; Bergman, Hannah E.; Carmichael, Polly; Graaf, Nastasja M. de; Rischel, Karen; Frisén, Louise; Schorkopf, Martina; Suomalainen, Laura; Wæhre, Anne

doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1667429

Cited by 80 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As a result, more dedicated gender clinics with multidisciplinary teams are emerging (e.g. Chen et al, 2016;Kaltiala et al, 2020;Telfer, Tollit, & Feldman, 2015). Importantly, such clinics exist in the context of broader healthcare services accessed by transgender young people and their families.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding and improving trans affirming care in Australia: experiences with healthcare professionals among transgender young people and their parents

Bartholomaeus

Riggs

Sansfaçon

2020

Health Sociology Review

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Access to medical care is significant for many transgender young people and their families, which involves interactions with healthcare professionals. While a trans affirming model is used across Australian paediatric gender clinics, this does not automatically mean that all transgender young people and their parents experience the care they receive as affirming. This article considers the experiences and views of transgender young people (aged 11-17) and their parents in relation to healthcare professionals inside and outside of gender clinics in Australia. Ten qualitative interviews were conducted with parent-child dyads in two Australian states. Key themes relating to healthcare professionals were: differing levels of healthcare professional knowledge and affirmation, quality of service is dependent on individual healthcare professionals, and lack of connected services and referral pathways. The discussion explores specific issues arising from the findings that suggest implications for training for healthcare professionals so as to be better equipped to provide trans affirming clinical care.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding and improving trans affirming care in Australia: experiences with healthcare professionals among transgender young people and their parents

Bartholomaeus

Riggs

Sansfaçon

2020

Health Sociology Review

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“…In recent decades, there has been a major development in health care for transgender adolescents in various Western countries. [1][2][3][4][5][6] For this young group, gender-affirmative treatment (GAT) has become available and may consist of puberty suppression with gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) analogues to prevent the development of secondary sex characteristics and create time for a balanced decision regarding possible use of affirming hormones (testosterone or estrogen) and gender-affirmative surgeries (chest surgery, genital surgery). 7 During all phases of treatment, psychological support is included in the counseling.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Experiences of Young Transgender Persons During and After Gender-Affirmative Treatment

et al. 2020

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OBJECTIVES: Early gender-affirmative treatment (GAT) of adolescents may consist of puberty suppression, use of affirming hormones, and gender-affirmative surgeries. This treatment can potentially influence sexual development. In the current study, we describe sexual and romantic development during and after treatment. METHODS: The participants were 113 transgender adolescents treated with puberty suppression, affirmative hormones, and affirmative surgery who were assessed as young adults (38 transwomen and 75 transmen; mean age 20.79 years, SD 1.36) during and after their GAT. A questionnaire on sexual experiences, romantic experiences, and subjective sexual experiences was administered and compared to the experiences of a same-aged sample from a Dutch general population study (N = 4020). RESULTS: One year post surgery, young transgender adults reported a significant increase in experiences with all types of sexual activities: masturbation increased from 56.4% to 81.7%, petting while undressed increased from 57.1% to 78.7%, and sexual intercourse increased from 16.2% to 37.6% post surgery compared to presurgery. Young transmen and transwomen were almost equally experienced. In comparison with the general population, young transgender adults were less experienced with all types of sexual activities. CONCLUSIONS: Early GAT (including puberty suppression, affirmative hormones, and surgeries) may provide young transgender adults with the opportunity to increase their romantic and sexual experiences.

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“…This study aims to investigate the outcomes of CYP referred to the UK GIDS and the factors that are associated with these outcomes. Specifically, the study aims to establish: (1) the proportion of CYP who experience ongoing gender dysphoria and access medical treatment; (2) factors that are associated with ongoing gender dysphoria and treatment choice; and (3) how (A) medical treatment, (B) social transition and (C) co-occurring autism impact physical health, well-being, quality of life, peer and family relationships and cost to the National Health Service (NHS) and other public services.…”

Section: Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Outcomes of Gender Identity in Children (LOGIC): protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort study of children referred to the UK gender identity development service

et al. 2021

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IntroductionGender identity development services (GIDS) worldwide have seen a significant increase in referrals in recent years. Many of these referrals consist of children and young people (CYP) who experience gender-related distress. This study aims to improve understanding of outcomes of CYP referred to the UK GIDS, specifically regarding gender identity, mental health, physical health and quality of life. The impact of factors such as co-occurring autism and early social transition on outcomes over time will be explored.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective cohort study of CYP aged 3–14 years when referred to the UK GIDS. Eligible participants will be ≤14 years at the time their referral was accepted and will be on the waitlist for the service when baseline measures are completed. Children aged under 12 years will complete the measures in an interview format with a researcher, while young people aged 12 years and over and their parents/caregivers will complete online or paper-based questionnaires. Participants will complete follow-up measures 12 months and 24 months later. The final sample size is expected to be approximately 500. Logistic regression models will be used to explore associations between prespecified explanatory variables and gender dysphoria. Appropriate regression models will also be used to investigate explanatory variables for other outcomes. Subgroup analyses based on birth-assigned gender, age at referral and co-occurring autistic traits will be explored.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Health Research Authority and London – Hampstead Research Ethics Committee (reference: 19/LO/0857). The study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at both conferences and stakeholder events. Findings will be used to inform clinical practice.

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Time trends in referrals to child and adolescent gender identity services: a study in four Nordic countries and in the UK

Abstract: Purpose: To explore whether the increase observed in referrals to child and adolescent gender identity services (GIDS) has been similar in four Nordic countries and in the UK.

Cited by 80 publications

References 37 publications

Expanding and improving trans affirming care in Australia: experiences with healthcare professionals among transgender young people and their parents

Expanding and improving trans affirming care in Australia: experiences with healthcare professionals among transgender young people and their parents

Sexual Experiences of Young Transgender Persons During and After Gender-Affirmative Treatment

Longitudinal Outcomes of Gender Identity in Children (LOGIC): protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort study of children referred to the UK gender identity development service

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