Time trends and geographical clusters in suicide among Greenland Inuit

Abstract

Background Between 1980 and 2018 Greenland has had one of the highest suicide rates in the world with an average rate of 96 suicides per 100.000 person-years. The aim of this study is to investigate suicide rates in Greenland according to age, birth cohort, period, sex, place of residence and suicide method from 1970 until 2018. Methods Suicide rates were examined using register and census data from 1970-2018 among Greenland Inuit. Rates were calculated by Poisson regression in Stata and by use of Excel. In analyses of the period trends, rates were standardized according to the World Standard Population 2000-2025. Results The suicide rate has been declining since a peak at 120 suicides per 100,000 person-years in the 1980s but remained high at a rate of 81.3 suicides per 100,000 person-years from 2015-2018. Descriptive analyses point to the decrease in male suicides as the primary factor for the overall decreasing rates while the rate among women has been increasing. Simultaneously, the proportion of women who used a violent suicide method increased from 60% in 1970-1979 to 90% in 2010-2018. The highest rates are seen among young people, especially young men aged 20-24 years and youth suicide rates increased with later birth cohorts. When the rates started to increase in the 1908s both the capital Nuuk and East Greenland had the highest rates. Since then, the rate in Nuuk has declined while the rate in East Greenland was three times the national rate from 2015-2018. Conclusions Across a 50-year period the suicide rate has increased drastically in Greenland mirroring a rapid societal transition in the post-colonial period. The rate has slowly declined from the peak in the 1980s but remains at a very high level. Young people in general are at risk, but the steady increase in the rate among women is worrying. Research points to the importance of adverse childhood experiences in relation to suicide risk and the high prevalences of these adversities among women may contribute to the explanation of the decreasing gender gap, however there is a need to investigate this further.

Prevention of suicide and suicide attempts in the Nordic countries

“…This is supported by data from Denmark where female victims of sexual offences were found to have a 30-fold higher suicide rate when compared to age, marital status and income level-matched controls (Gradus, et al, 2012). A systematic review of Greenlandic studies demonstrated evidence that exposure to sexual and physical assaults was associated with suicidal behaviour (Seidler, et al, 2023b).…”

“…18 Lower educational level has been linked to higher suicide risks than higher educational levels (Crump, et al, 2014, Mäki & Martikainen, 2009. Being unemployed has been associated with suicide (Seidler, et al, 2023b, Mäki & Martikainen, 2012. Further, a signi icant association was found for long-term unemployment in a Finnish population-based sample of adults in the working ages (Mäki & Martikainen, 2012).…”

“…Having been exposed to a range of childhood adversities, including death in the family, inancial and residential instability, was found to be associated with higher rates of subsequent suicide when compared to individuals not exposed to such events in Sweden (Björkenstam, et al, 2017). Based on Greenlandic data, childhood adversities, such as growing up in a poor emotional environment or a home with alcohol problems as well as experiences of neglect or sexual abuse, were predictive of later suicidal behaviour (Seidler, et al, 2023b). Other early life factors, such as being born by a mom who was below the age of 25 years at the birth or having been placed outside the home by the authorities, were also signi icant predictors of suicide (Sujan, et al, 2022, Wall-Wieler, et al, 2018.…”