Time tracking and multidimensional influencing factors analysis on female breast cancer mortality: Evidence from urban and rural China between 1994 to 2019

Abstract

BackgroundThere are huge differences in female breast cancer mortality between urban and rural China. In order to better prevent breast cancer equally in urban and rural areas, it is critical to trace the root causes of past inequities and predict how future differences will change. Moreover, carcinogenic factors from micro-individual to macro-environment also need to be analyzed in detail. However, there is no systematic research covering these two aspects in the current literature.MethodsBreast cancer mortality data in urban and rural China from 1994 to 2019 are collected, which from China Health Statistical Yearbook. The Age-Period-Cohort model is used to examine the effects of different age groups, periods, and birth cohorts on breast cancer mortality. Nordpred project is used to predict breast cancer mortality from 2020 to 2039.ResultsThe age effect gradually increases and changes from negative to positive at the age of 40–44. The period effect fluctuates very little and shows the largest difference between urban and rural areas in 2019. The birth cohort effect gradually decreases with urban-rural effects alternating between strong and weak. In the predicted results, the urban-rural mortality gap becomes first narrow and then wide and shows a trend of younger death.ConclusionsFrom the perspective of a temporal system, the changing trend of breast cancer mortality is highly consistent with the history of social and economic structural changes in China. From the perspective of the theory of social determinants of health, individuals, families, institutions and governments need to participate in the prevention of breast cancer.

Age-Period-Cohort Study of Breast Cancer Mortality in Brazil in State Capitals and in Non-Capital Municipalities from 1980 to 2019

“…While the observed age effect was to increase mortality as people get older, cohort effect showed a downward trend, with recent cohorts with lower risks than initial ones in both regions. The period effect presented a curious 'M' shaped pattern, very similar to both areas, but ultimately with higher effect estimate to urban regions [28]. Similar to this research, these two studies emphasize the importance of understanding differences between areas from the same country to better comprehend country level trends as a reflection of where most of the events of interest are happening, and not necessarily where most help or focus is needed.…”

Predictive Models of Psychological Distress, Quality of Life, and Adherence to Medication in Breast Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review

“…Nonetheless, it is worth noting that depression and poor QoL have been associated with lower medication adherence. [19][20][21] Since optimal adherence rates are associated with better clinical outcomes and better QoL, [22][23][24] supporting BC patients in maintaining optimal adherence is a relevant and actual cancer care goal.…”

“…In summary, a complex interplay of clinical and psychosocial variables plays a relevant role in BC patients' clinical trajectories, shaping their experiences with the disease and affecting their QoL. 12,[23][24][25][26] Several studies investigated sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors that might influence the subjective variability observed in BC patients on psychological distress, QoL, and adherence. Several predictive models have been developed through different statistical methods (eg, linear regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling); [27][28][29][30][31] some of these models have been further validated in additional samples, testing the model in other groups, 28,31 and they have been eventually applied in clinical practice, particularly in patients' assessment.…”

Real‐world data for the renal safety of abemaciclib combined with bisphosphonate in HR+/HER2− advanced breast cancer

“… 1 Regarding the information published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO), the morbidity of BC (19.9%) ranks first among cancers among Chinese women, and the mortality rate (9.9%) ranks fourth among all cancers in 2020. 2 About 70% of breast cancers are hormone receptor positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth receptor negative (HER2−). 3 Endocrine therapies (ETs) are the basis of treatment for HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer (ABC), but de novo or acquired resistance to metastatic breast cancer remains an important clinical challenge.…”

“…Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide among women and the second most common cause of cancer death 1 . Regarding the information published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO), the morbidity of BC (19.9%) ranks first among cancers among Chinese women, and the mortality rate (9.9%) ranks fourth among all cancers in 2020 2 . About 70% of breast cancers are hormone receptor positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth receptor negative (HER2−) 3 .…”