Time to share the load: gender differences in household responsibilities and business profitability

Arráiz, Irani

doi:10.1007/s11187-017-9925-z

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…At the same time, women also face additional constraints from home (Carter, 2011). Women are still primarily responsible for household duties and caring for children and the elderly around the world (Altintas & Sullivan, 2016;Arráiz, 2018). Self-employed women appear to be no exception, indeed evidence from Sweden suggests that self-employed women experience more time-related strain in their life than either their counterparts in organizational employment or self-employed men (Hagqvist, Toivanen, and Vinberg, 2015).…”

Section: The Moderating Effect Of Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

A fresh look at self-employment, stress and health: accounting for self-selection, time and gender

Stephan

2020

IJEBR

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PurposePast research on self-employment and health yielded conflicting findings. Integrating predictions from the Stressor-Strain Outcome model, research on challenge stressors and allostatic load, we predict that physical and mental health are affected by self-employment in distinct ways which play out over different time horizons. We also test whether the health impacts of self-employment are due to enhanced stress (work-related strain) and differ for man and women.Design/methodology/approachWe apply non-parametric propensity score matching in combination with a difference-in-difference approach and longitudinal cohort data to examine self-selection and the causal relationship between self-employment and health. We focus on those that transit into self-employment from paid employment (opportunity self-employment) and analyze strain and health over four years relative to individuals in paid employment.FindingsThose with poorer mental health are more likely to self-select into self-employment. After entering self-employment, individuals experience a short-term uplift in mental health due to lower work-related strain, especially for self-employed men. In the longer-term (four years) the mental health of the self-employed drops back to pre-self-employment levels. We find no effect of self-employment on physical health.Practical implicationsOur research helps to understand the nonpecuniary benefits of self-employment and suggests that we should not advocate self-employment as a “healthy” career.Originality/valueThis article advances research on self-employment and health. Grounded in stress theories it offers new insights relating to self-selection, the temporality of effects, the mediating role of work-related strain, and gender that collectively help to explain why past research yielded conflicting findings.

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Section: The Moderating Effect Of Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

A fresh look at self-employment, stress and health: accounting for self-selection, time and gender

Stephan

2020

IJEBR

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“…Strohmeyer et al (2017) also find that the lower innovative breadth and depth levels at female-led firms were mainly due to reasons similar to those found in prior research. However, some studies criticize the lack of control of appropriate measures and argue that when male and female owners have similar characteristics and business traits, differences in profits disappear, implying that men and women are equally effective in managing a business given the same resources, including time (Arráiz 2018;Hundley 2001;Holmes 2007).…”

Section: Feminist Theory Psychology and Behavioral Financementioning

confidence: 99%

Female directors on the board and investment efficiency: evidence from Korea

et al. 2019

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We investigate whether female board representation affects investment efficiency at Korean publicly traded companies from 2006 to 2014. We find a positive association between female directorship and investment efficiency. For a subsample of firms that are classified into over-and under-investment groups, we find that the subsample of firms with female directors is less likely to over-invest compared to the group without female directors. This implies that female directors' risk-aversion, conservatism, and prudence affect investment efficiency by reducing over-investment rather than reducing under-investment. Other robustness tests corroborate our conclusion that female directors help to improve investment efficiency.

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“…Drawing on the work-family interface literature, we focus on an institutional context-Sweden-that is characterized by formal policies that support work-family balance and investigate what factors have the strongest relationship with entrepreneurship among mothers. In doing so, we complement past research on women's entrepreneurship, which has mainly focused on institutional contexts where institutional policies supporting work-family balance are lacking (Arráiz 2018;Duberley and Carrigan 2012;Ekinsmyth 2011;Richomme-Huet et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In examining the effects of institutional-level factors on women's entrepreneurship, extant research has focused on the effects of formal institutional arrangements that support work-family balance, such as parental leave, flexible work hours, and subsidized childcare. A consistent finding is that in institutional contexts that lack formal "family-friendly" policies, mothers are driven to start their own businesses as a fallback strategy to balance work and family life (Arráiz 2018;Estrin and Mickiewicz 2011;Thébaud 2015).…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers

et al. 2019

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Using data on all businesses started by mothers of young children in Sweden between 2000 and 2014, we explore which factors are associated with entrepreneurship among mothers. We find that being unemployed or being an immigrant is positively associated with business start-up by mothers; however, our findings show that what matters more is the paternity leave taken by the mothers' partners. These findings suggest that in institutional contexts such as Sweden, gender inequality is not a persistent feature of most households and that women can make career choices by negotiating with their partners who will make use of the parental benefits offered by the government.

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Time to share the load: gender differences in household responsibilities and business profitability

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

A fresh look at self-employment, stress and health: accounting for self-selection, time and gender

A fresh look at self-employment, stress and health: accounting for self-selection, time and gender

Female directors on the board and investment efficiency: evidence from Korea

Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers

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