Time-to-Collision Judgments Under Realistic Driving Conditions

Kiefer, Raymond J.; Flannagan, Carol A. C.; Jerome, Christian J.

doi:10.1518/001872006777724499

Cited by 70 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Cavallo and Laurent [1988] observed TTC estimations for subjects riding as passengers in a car riding towards a stationary object. Kiefer et al [2006] employed realistic rear-end crash situations to observe driver sensitivity to time-to-contact.…”

Section: Ii1 Types Of Time-to-contact Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using virtual environments to assess time-to-contact judgments from pedestrian viewpoints

Seward

Ashmead

Bodenheimer

2007

ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.

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This paper describes the use of desktop and immersive virtual environments to study judgments that pedestrians make when deciding to cross a street. In particular, we assess the ability of people to discriminate and estimate time-to-contact (TTC) for approaching vehicles under a variety of conditions. Four experiments observing TTC judgments under various conditions are described. We examine the effect of type of vehicle, viewpoint, presentation mode, and TTC value on TTC judgments. We find no significant effect of type of vehicle or of viewpoint, extending prior work to cover all views typically encountered by pedestrians. Discrimination of short values for TTC judgments is generally consistent with the literature, but performance degrades significantly for long TTC values. Finally, we find no significant difference between judgments made in a desktop environment versus a head-mounted display, indicating that tracking the approaching vehicle with one's head does not aid discrimination. In general, people appear to use strategies similar to those that pedestrians use to make real-world, street-crossing decisions.

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Section: Ii1 Types Of Time-to-contact Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using virtual environments to assess time-to-contact judgments from pedestrian viewpoints

Seward

Ashmead

Bodenheimer

2007

ACM Trans. Appl. Percept.

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“…The amount of TTC underestimation increases as the actual TTC increases, which raises questions about the usability of TTC in shaping human performance (Caird & Hancock, 1994;Schiff & Detwiler, 1979). The accuracy of TTC estimation depends on several factors, including the closing speed (Kiefer, Flannagan, & Jerome, 2006;McLeod & Ross, 1983;Sidaway, Fairweather, Sekiya, & McNitt-Gray, 1996) and the front object size (Caird & Hancock, 1994;DeLucia, 1991;DeLucia & Warren, 1994). Smeets, Brenner, Trebuchet, and Mestre (1996) suggested that humans do not perceive TTC directly, but infer TTC using the perceived relative speed and distance with respect to the front object.…”

Section: Locomotion Theories Of Braking Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring drivers’ visual information needs during braking: A simulator study using a screen-occlusion method

Saffarian

Winter

Senders

2015

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviou

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a b s t r a c tIt is commonly accepted that vision plays an important role in car braking, but it is unknown how people brake in the absence of visual information. In this simulator study, we measured drivers' braking behaviour while they had to stop their car at designated positions on the road. The access to visual information was manipulated by occluding the screen at the start of half of the braking trials, while the temporal demand was manipulated by varying the time-to-arrival (TTA). Results showed that for the longer TTA values (P6 s), participants in the occlusion condition stopped too early and at variable positions on the road as compared to the control condition. In the occlusion condition, participants were likely to apply an intermediate brake pedal depression, whereas in the control condition participants more often applied low or high pedal depressions. The results are interpreted in light of a distance estimation test, in which we found that participants underestimated the actual distance by 70%.

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“…TTC is widely used as a safety indicator to measure crash risk, evaluate roadway safety, and test the importance of contributing factors to crashes (Meng and Weng, 2011;Kiefer et al, 2006). TTC was suggested as a scale of danger more than four decades ago by Hayward (1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They evaluated the accuracy of their approach by simulating several crossing scenarios. Kiefer et al (2006) investigated TTC from a driver's point of view, or a TTC judgment. In their test-track research, participants were asked to indicate the time to collision to a lead vehicle by pressing a button.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety surrogate histograms (SSH): A novel real-time safety assessment of dilemma zone related conflicts at signalized intersections

Machiani

Abbas

2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Time-to-Collision Judgments Under Realistic Driving Conditions

Abstract: These results are being used to develop an alert timing approach for a forward collision warning system intended to assist drivers in avoiding rear-end crashes with the vehicle ahead.

Cited by 70 publications

References 12 publications

Using virtual environments to assess time-to-contact judgments from pedestrian viewpoints

Using virtual environments to assess time-to-contact judgments from pedestrian viewpoints

Measuring drivers’ visual information needs during braking: A simulator study using a screen-occlusion method

Safety surrogate histograms (SSH): A novel real-time safety assessment of dilemma zone related conflicts at signalized intersections

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