Time to address gender inequalities against female physicians

Hannawi, Suad; Salmi, Issa Al

doi:10.1002/hpm.2476

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Although the literature on gender and the medical workforce in the region is limited, existing studies suggest that women physicians face both explicit discrimination and implicit biases that contribute to the underrepresentation of women in health care leadership roles. 9 Over the years, the women's group membership expanded through referrals from personal networks of members, resulting in a multispecialty network of female physicians. Meetings were held quarterly to allow for traditional networking and often included educational events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Social Media by Female Physicians in an International Setting: A Mixed Methods Study of a Group WhatsApp Chat

Ibrahim

Anglade²,

Abdel-Razig

2020

Women's Health Reports

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Background: The past decade has witnessed an increase in informal and bottom up driven ''she-for-she'' efforts, often using social media, to promote the advancement of women in medicine. Yet, this area of research is nascent with limited information on the use of social media platforms by female physicians, especially in the international medical arena. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a social media platform by a diverse group of female physicians in an international setting. Materials and Methods: The study used a mixed methods approach, including quantitative descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis of the content of posts of a women physicians WhatsApp group during a 1-year time period (June 1, 2018-May 31, 2019). Results: The group consisted of 122 members with 4897 posts during the 1-year time period. Nine themes were identified including requests for medical information, logistics, personal recommendations, promotion, celebration, community engagement, education, women's empowerment, and employment inquiries. Engagement was high with 72% of members posting during the last 30 days of analysis and 92% of questions posted receiving a response, often within minutes. There were no instances of unprofessional social media behavior. Conclusions: The social media platform was effective in enabling female physicians to expand networks, exchange ideas, share scientific information, celebrate accomplishments, and provide support to colleagues. Creating a social media forum for women physicians may be an effective tool to foster a network of support and community.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Social Media by Female Physicians in an International Setting: A Mixed Methods Study of a Group WhatsApp Chat

Ibrahim

Anglade²,

Abdel-Razig

2020

Women's Health Reports

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“…In general, if the health workers employed 20 h or more per week are considered, the gap to reach the WHO threshold is small; however, this gap decreases as the labor wastage enters the labor market. Therefore, policies on human resources for health should be oriented towards the incorporation of labor wastage in the labor market and the achievement of gender equity in relation to job responsibilities, promotion, retention, and remuneration [48].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender inequality in the health workforce in the midst of achieving universal health coverage in Mexico

et al. 2020

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Background: The third Sustainable Development Goal aims to ensure healthy lives and to promote well-being for all at all ages. The health system plays a key role in achieving these goals and must have sufficient human resources in order to provide care to the population according to their needs and expectations. Methods: This paper explores the issues of unemployment, underemployment, and labor wastage in physicians and nurses in Mexico, all of which serve as barriers to achieving universal health coverage. We conducted a descriptive, observational, and longitudinal study to analyze the rates of employment, underemployment, unemployment, and labor wastage during the period 2005-2017 by gender. We used data from the National Occupation and Employment Survey. Calculating the average annual rates (AAR) for the period, we describe trends of the calculated rates. In addition, for 2017, we calculated health workforce densities for each of the 32 Mexican states and estimated the gaps with respect to the threshold of 4.45 health workers per 1000 inhabitants, as proposed in the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health. Results: The AAR of employed female physicians was lower than men, and the AARs of qualitative underemployment, unemployment, and labor wastage for female physicians are higher than those of men. Female nurses, however, had a higher AAR in employment than male nurses and a lower AAR of qualitative underemployment and unemployment rates. Both female physicians and nurses showed a higher AAR in labor wastage rates than men. The density of health workers per 1000 inhabitants employed in the health sector was 4.20, and the estimated deficit of workers needed to match the threshold proposed in the Global Strategy is 70 161 workers distributed among the 16 states that do not reach the threshold. Conclusions: We provide evidence of the existence of gender gaps among physicians and nurses in the labor market with evident disadvantages for female physicians, particularly in labor wastage. In addition, our results suggest that the lack of physicians and nurses working in the health sector contributes to the inability to reach the health worker density threshold proposed by the Global Strategy.

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“…Studies report that female workers directly and indirectly experience discrimination in various areas, including performance evaluation (Halley et al, 2018), recruitment, salary (Newman, 2014), leadership positions (Hannawi & Al Salmi, 2018;Hauser, 2014), career development and employment (Chun et al, 2019;LaPierre & Zimmerman, 2012).…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and psychometric properties of the attitude scale towards female workers in the healthcare settings

Çakıroğlu

Baykal

2021

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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The aim of this study was to develop a new instrument to evaluate healthcare professionals' attitudes towards female workers in the healthcare settings-the Attitude Scale Towards Female Workers (ASTFW)-and test its psychometric properties.Design: This is a scale development study. Method:A three-phase structure was used: (1) creating the item pool, (2) preliminarily evaluating items and (3) refining the scale and evaluating psychometric properties. The scale's content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and temporal stability were evaluated according to the scale development guidelines. The scale's psychometric properties were tested with 1,635 healthcare professionals working in six different hospitals. The data were collected between November 2018 and July 2019. Results:The scale items were obtained from face-to-face, semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews with the healthcare professionals. The scale's content validity index was 0.96. According to exploratory factor analysis, the scale consisted of 30 items and five subdimensions; the subdimensions were found to explain 54.48% of the total variance. Fit indices obtained with confirmatory factor analysis were at acceptable and good levels. The scale was found to have high internal consistency and temporal stability. Conclusion:The ASTFW is a psychometrically valid and reliable measurement instrument. The 30-item scale consists of five subdimensions: performance, gender roles, recruitment and retention, career, and emotionality. ImpactThis scale, which has good psychometric properties, can be used to perform a multidimensional evaluation of the attitudes of healthcare professionals in healthcare workplaces towards female workers. This scale can be useful in shedding light on negative attitudes towards female healthcare professionals in the health sector. K E Y W O R D Sattitudes, female workers, gender, gender discrimination, gender inequality, healthcare professionals, instrument development, nurses, nursing, psychometric testing | 3239 CELEBI CAKIROGLU And BAYKAL | INTRODUC TI ONGender discrimination is one of the most important problems women face in working life (Basford et al., 2014). Although there are many regulations to ensure equality and eliminate discrimination in working life, it cannot be prevented entirely in any country. The 'Global Gender Gap Report 2020' published by the World Economic Forum (2019) states that women are exposed to gender discrimination in different areas. This report emphasizes that it takes more than a century to achieve gender equality on a global level, although this may differ regionally. It also highlights that gender discrimination towards female workers is usually not reported and remains hidden and that it is critical to understand such discrimination and show its harmful effects (Basford et al., 2014). Discriminatory attitudes and approaches to gender are commonly seen in the health sector and healthcare workplaces, where women dominate, as in many sectors

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Time to address gender inequalities against female physicians

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

The Use of Social Media by Female Physicians in an International Setting: A Mixed Methods Study of a Group WhatsApp Chat

The Use of Social Media by Female Physicians in an International Setting: A Mixed Methods Study of a Group WhatsApp Chat

Gender inequality in the health workforce in the midst of achieving universal health coverage in Mexico

Development and psychometric properties of the attitude scale towards female workers in the healthcare settings

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