Time–temperature superposition method for predicting the permanence of paper by extrapolating accelerated ageing data to ambient conditions

Abstract

In this paper we present a timetemperature superposition method for predicting the permanence of paper by extrapolating accelerated paper ageing data to ambient conditions. The presented method includes a test for the presence of shift factors to superpose all of the raw accelerated ageing data over the temperature range studied to obtain a master curve, a numerical fit of the master curve for producing a master equation representing the kinetics of paper degradation, a critical examination of applying Arrhenius equation for explaining the relationship between the empirically determined shift factors and the accelerated ageing temperature, and a verification of the Arrhenius activation energy extrapolation assumption. Unlike the usual approach that extrapolates the Arrhenius relationship between lifetime and temperature, without corroborating evidence, to ambient temperatures, we test the Arrhenius activation energy extrapolation assumption by determining the influence of acidity on cellulose hydrolysis reactions, and have found that detection and identification of the acid-sensitive linkages in cellulose substances is an ultra-sensitive and reliable method to measure degradation of cellulose and paper in what is normally the extrapolation region (ambient temperatures). Taking the examples of natural ageing data in literature from 18 bleached kraft dry-lap pulps for 22 years under ambient conditions and three handsheet samples for 22 years under controlled conditions, comparison of the predictions with natural ageing results has been addressed.

Kinetic analysis of color changes in cellulose during heat treatment

“…To determine the activation energy more accurately, a TTSP method has been proposed [24][25][26][27]. An Arrhenius approach applying the TTSP method is briefly described below.…”

Color changes in wood during heating: kinetic analysis by applying a time-temperature superposition method

“…This elimination sometimes makes it difficult to accurately predict the changes in properties during natural aging. To determine the activation energy using all of the data, we assumed the applicability of the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) [24][25][26][27]. TTSP is a well-known concept that is frequently used to describe the mechanical and electrical relaxation behavior of polymers.…”

The impact of chloride desalination on the corrosion rate of archaeological iron

“…Accelerated aging studies at increased temperature are used in paper and textile degradation studies (Erhardt & Mecklenburg, 1995;Ding & Wang, 2007;Luxford & Thickett, 2011) and materials testing for conservation (Robinet & Thickett, 2003). They have been previously used to duplicate the corrosion of modern iron samples in soils (Angelini et al, 1998) and laboratory testing of corrosion product development (Thickett, 2005;Thickett & Odlyha, 2005).…”