Time-temperature behavior of carbon/epoxy laminates under creep loading

Ornaghi, Heitor Luiz; Almeida, José Humberto S.; Monticeli, Francisco Maciel; Neves, Roberta Motta; Cioffi, Maria Odila Hilário

doi:10.1007/s11043-020-09463-z

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Three scenarios are studied: (i) only mechanical loading; (ii) simultaneous mechanical loading and water immersion at room temperature, and (iii) simultaneous mechanical loading and water immersion at 40

C. Recommendations of the European standard EN 1227:1998, used to determine long-term ultimate relative ring deflection under wet and hot conditions, are herein generally followed. However, although the standard suggests 50

C of temperature, it is quite difficult to keep this temperature throughout the creep test [ 8 , 20 ]. Based on several pre-tests, 40

C was found the maximum temperature that allowed steady conditions considering the available system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This long-term behavior known as creep refers to a time-dependent deformation under a constant load and temperature [ 8 ]. For polymer composites, creep resistance is directly associated with viscoelastic strain and fiber/matrix interfacial behavior [ 9 ], and they exhibit a time-dependent degradation in modulus (creep or stress relaxation) and strength (creep-rupture) associated with the viscoelasticity of the polymer matrix [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Creep and Residual Properties of Filament-Wound Composite Rings under Radial Compression in Harsh Environments

et al. 2020

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This work focuses on the viscoelastic response of carbon/epoxy filament-wound composite rings under radial compressive loading in harsh environments. The composites are exposed to three hygro-thermo-mechanical conditions: (i) pure mechanical loading, (ii) mechanical loading in a wet environment and (iii) mechanical loading under hygrothermal conditioning at 40 ∘C. Dedicated equipment was built to carry out the creep experiments. Quasi-static mechanical tests are performed before and after creep tests to evaluate the residual properties of the rings. The samples are tested in (i) radial compression, (ii) axial compression, and (iii) hoop tensile strength. Different laminates wound at off-axis orientations are manufactured via filament winding and analyzed. Key results show that creep displacement is affected by both hygrothermal and mechanical conditionings, especially at a higher temperature. Moreover, residual properties are quantified showing that creep generates permanent damage in the cylinders.

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C of temperature, it is quite difficult to keep this temperature throughout the creep test [ 8 , 20 ]. Based on several pre-tests, 40

C was found the maximum temperature that allowed steady conditions considering the available system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creep and Residual Properties of Filament-Wound Composite Rings under Radial Compression in Harsh Environments

et al. 2020

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“…The authors do not wish to refer analytically to TTS theory for polymers and composites, as it is given in the open literature in full detail. The TTS, or time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP), is widely used in the long-term characterization modeling for polymers [21][22][23] and composite materials [24][25][26], and also their stability response over aging effects [27,28]. In Figure 5, the efforts to model the TTS experimental curve shift factors, as approached by the Arrhenius equation, as well as the William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equations, are documented, as the arrows indicate.…”

Section: Three-point Bending Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites

2021

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The purpose of this study was to manufacture hybrid composites from fabrics with superior ballistic performance, and to analyze their viscoelastic and mechanical response. Therefore, composites in hybrid lay-up modes were manufactured from Vectran, Kevlar and aluminum fiber-woven fabrics through a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The specimens were consequently analyzed using static three-point bending, as well as by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Apart from DMA, time–temperature superposition (TTS) analysis was performed by all available models. It was possible to study the intrinsic viscoelastic behavior of hybrid ballistic laminates, with TTS analysis gained from creep testing. A polynomic mathematical function was proposed to provide a high accuracy for TTS curves, when shifting out of the linearity regimes is required. The usual Williams–Landel–Ferry and Arrhenius models proved not useful in order to describe and model the shift factors of the acquired curves. In terms of static results, the highly nonlinear stress–strain curve of both composites was obvious, whereas the differential mechanism of failure in relation to stress absorption, at each stage of deformation, was studied. SEM fractography revealed that hybrid specimens with Kevlar plies are prone to tensile side failure, whereas the hybrid specimens with Vectran plies exhibited high performance on the tensile side of the specimens in three-point bending, leading to compressive failure owing to the high stress retained at higher strains after the maximum bending strength was reached.

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“…Indeed, several studies report the creep behavior of PC under low stresses, loads, and times. 4,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] It is well established that short-term creep tests (e.g., 30 min) under lower load stresses can be as efficient as longer ones (e.g., 2 days). This is mainly attributed to the fact that the viscous behavior does not significantly change over time under these conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of the creep behavior of epoxy/yerba-mate residue composites

Neves

Kerche

Monticeli

et al. 2022

Journal of Composite Materials

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This work presents the short-term creep behavior of novel epoxy composites reinforced by post-consumed yerba-mate (YM). Particulate composites were manufactured using 5, 10, and 20 wt.% of YM. The composite morphologies were related to the dynamic mechanical and creep behavior at the glassy state (∼30°C). Creep tests were performed using three different stress loads (1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 MPa). Weibull model, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to fit the experimental curves and to predict results. A better fit was obtained using the ANN approach than the Weibull model due to the capability of ANN to learn from own data and in fitting complex nonlinear data. The RSM approach proved to be an intelligent and reliable technique to access a higher range of results, reducing experimental time and cost and keeping statistical significance. Also, the present methodology can be extended to model and predict other properties and/or optimize parameters.

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Time-temperature behavior of carbon/epoxy laminates under creep loading

Cited by 23 publications

References 28 publications

Creep and Residual Properties of Filament-Wound Composite Rings under Radial Compression in Harsh Environments

Creep and Residual Properties of Filament-Wound Composite Rings under Radial Compression in Harsh Environments

Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites

Modeling of the creep behavior of epoxy/yerba-mate residue composites

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