Time Synchronization Based on Slow-Flooding in Wireless Sensor Networks

An Intelligent Cross-Layer QoS-Aware Protocol with Traffic-Differentiation-Based for Energy Efficient Communication in WSNs

“…In [22], authors discussed different approaches of performance measurement of data aggregation techniques in WSNs, and attributes such as network life time, data latency and energy consumption surveyed. In [23], authors proposed a mechanism in order to improve the synchronization accuracy and scalability of slow flooding through deploying a clock speed agreement algorithm among sensor nodes.…”

“…This idea is based on power control protocol for wireless ad-hoc network [5,25,26,27,29]. A mechanism in order to improve the synchronization accuracy and scalability of slow flooding through deploying a clock speed agreement algorithm among sensor nodes helped many communication protocols in WSN to synchronize their notion of time [23]. In the literature, we find that usually there are four ways to use the transmission power for efficient communication.…”

Gradient Descent Algorithm Inspired Adaptive Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…In order to evaluate their multi-hop synchronization performances, we prepared identical testbed setup as presented in [2], [3], [4] and preferred a line topology of 20 sensor nodes to evaluate scalability and adaptivity. We used 7.37 MHz quartz oscillator on the MICAz board as the clock source for the timer used for timing measurements.…”

“…[1], [2], [3], that share the following steps to establish network-wide synchronization: (i) a reference node broadcasts its stable time information periodically; (ii) the receiver nodes adjust the offset and frequency of their logical clocks considering the received reference time; (iii) they broadcast the value of their logical clocks so that other nodes in the network synchronize by applying these steps. Least-squares regression is a common technique employed by these protocols to adjust the offsets and the frequencies of the logical clocks simultaneously [1], [2].…”

“…Least-squares regression is a common technique employed by these protocols to adjust the offsets and the frequencies of the logical clocks simultaneously [1], [2]. However, previous studies [3], [4] revealed that this technique is heavyweight in terms of processing and memory overhead, and simultaneous offset and frequency estimation gives rise to poor performance scalability. Other proposed techniques, such Kasım Sinan Yıldırım is with Embedded Software Group, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands (k.s.yildirim@tudelft.nl).…”