Time Sampling: A Methodological Critique

Gossip is a subject that has been studied by researchers from an array of disciplines with various foci and methods. We measured the content of language use by members of a competitive sports team across 18 months, integrating qualitative ethnographic methods with quantitative sampling and analysis. We hypothesized that the use of gossip will vary significantly depending on whether it is used for self-serving or group-serving purposes. Our results support a model of gossip derived from multilevel selection theory that expects gossip to serve group-beneficial rules when rewards are partitioned at the group level on a scale that permits mutual monitoring. We integrate our case study with earlier studies of gossip conducted by anthropologists, psychologists, and management researchers.

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“…much closer to being identified as "predominant activity sampling" rather than the "time sampling" technique criticized by Mann et al (1991).…”

Section: Quantitative Observations Drawn From Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilities of gossip across organizational levels

Kniffin

Wilson

2005

Hum Nat

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“…The following procedure was used: the clock of the computer was set to ring every ten seconds and all the activities observed during the preceding 10-second period were coded. Observations and coding were done simultaneously following standard procedures of time sampling methods (Mann et al, 1991). It was then estimated that the duration of the activities Mental development and behavior E Pollitt et al equalled 10 seconds.…”

Section: Observations Of Behavior Under Natural Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on mental development and behavior under natural conditions in undernourished children in Indonesia

Pollitt

Saco-Pollitt

Jahari³

et al. 2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: This paper reports the effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on mental development and on the social ± cognitive and emotionally regulatory behaviors of nutritionally at risk infants and toddlers in Pangalengan, Indonesia. Design: Two cohorts of children were randomly assigned to three treatments: E 1171 kJ 12 mg iron; M 12 mg iron 209 kJ; S 104 kJoule. Supplementation was given for 12 months. Setting: The sites were six tea plantations in Pangalengan, West Java. Subjects: A 12-month-old (N 53) and an 18-month-old (N 83) cohort were recruited from day-care-centers. Twenty children who received S belonged to the 12-and 18-month-old cohort. Inclusion criteria were: no chronic disease; length-for-age À1 standard deviation (s.d.) and weight-for-length between À1 and À2 s.d. of the median of the reference of the World Health Organization. Methods: Evaluations of intake were made at baseline and every 2 months thereafter. Motor development was assessed with the Bayley Scale and with a custom-made scale to assess gross motor development leading to bipedal locomotion. Four hours of continuous observations were made of the child's interaction with the social and physical environment. Results: In the 12-month-old cohort, as compared with the M and S groups, the children who received the E supplement walked at an earlier age, had higher scores in the Bayley Scale and showed more mature social ± cognitive and emotional regulatory behaviors. Similar intergroup differences were observed in the 18-month-old cohort in social cognition and regulation of emotions.

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“…One solution that may increase the efficiency of extended observations is to apply a discontinuous measurement system to recorded video, in which observers score only a sample of the observation (Mann, Have, Plunkett, & Meisels, ). Discontinuous measurement involves dividing an observation into equal intervals (e.g., a 90‐min session could be divided into 180 30‐s intervals).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the accuracy, reliability, efficiency, and acceptability of fast forwarding to score problem behavior

Machado

Luczynski

Hood

2018

J of App Behav Analysis

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Technological advances have allowed professionals to obtain extended recordings of caregiver–client interactions in natural settings, but scoring recorded video at normal speed to identify instances of low‐rate problem behavior is impractical in terms of scoring time. Fast forwarding is a continuous measurement system in which all seconds of an observation are viewed at a speed faster than normal. In Study 1, we evaluated whether three groups of five observers could discriminate problem behavior at three fast‐forwarding speeds across 10‐min observations. We analyzed the efficiency of using fast forwarding compared to continuous scoring, and interobserver agreement across the fast‐forwarding speeds. In Study 2, we compared the accuracy, efficiency, and social acceptability of fast forwarding (3.5x) and momentary time sampling (3.5 s) across 90‐min observations. Results support the use of 3.5x fast forwarding as a viable measurement system of improving the practicality of scoring problem behavior from video.

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Time Sampling: A Methodological Critique

Cited by 36 publications

References 14 publications

Utilities of gossip across organizational levels

Utilities of gossip across organizational levels

Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on mental development and behavior under natural conditions in undernourished children in Indonesia

Evaluation of the accuracy, reliability, efficiency, and acceptability of fast forwarding to score problem behavior

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