Time response of the water table and saltwater transition zone to a base level drop

Kiro, Yael; Yechieli, Yoseph; Lyakhovsky, Vladimir; Shalev, Eyal; Starinsky, Abraham

doi:10.1029/2007wr006752

Cited by 51 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The so far unobserved flushing effect occurred at least during 2000-2001 and 2010-2011 along both coasts. This confirms the proposed and modelled additional water contribution of old DS-brines as a consequence of an above average DS level drop (Kiro et al 2008;Yechieli and Sivan 2011).…”

Section: Western Coastsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The increased continuous discharge is probably a consequence of the temporarily stored flushing of old brines from sediment-voids. This flushing effect matches assumptions of Yechieli and Sivan (2011) and modelling results of Kiro et al (2008) who describe the same causality.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

“…6), the 2000-2001 and 2010-2011 series show a spatially continuous discharge over large areas. This phenomenon is probably due to the flushing effect (Kiro et al 2008) that will be discussed later.…”

Section: Western Coastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is striking that concurrently, the lake level drops at a maximum of 1.5 m and 1.6 m during these series. Both numbers are above the long-term average drop of 1 m. For this situation with above average drops of the lake level, Kiro et al (2008) and Yechieli and Sivan (2011) propose an increased discharge due to the contribution of old brines (flushing effect) that could explain the larger GAAs.…”

Section: Western Coastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A third, but so far unobserved contribution may exists in the form of the flushing effect (Kiro et al 2008;Yechieli and Sivan 2011). Rapid drops in the Dead Sea level enforce the hydraulic gradient between groundwater head and lake level and result in an increased groundwater discharge (flushing) until the new dynamic equilibrium is reached (Kiro et al 2008). This response system causes a significant increase in discharge if the rate of lake level drop and the respective local hydraulic gradient are small.…”

Section: Study Area and Groundwater Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

et al. 2013

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The semi-arid region of the Dead Sea heavily relies on groundwater resources. This dependence is exacerbated by both population growth and agricultural activities and demands a sustainable groundwater management. Yet, information on groundwater discharge as one main component for a sustainable management varies significantly in this area. Moreover, discharge locations, volume and temporal variability are still only partly known. A multi-temporal thermal satellite approach is applied to localise and semi-quantitatively assess groundwater discharge along the entire coastline. The authors use 100 Landsat ETM ? band 6.2 data, spanning the years between 2000 and 2011. In the first instance, raw data are transformed to sea surface temperature (SST). To account for groundwater intermittency and to provide a seasonally independent data set DT (maximum SST range) per-pixel within biennial periods is calculated subsequently. Groundwater affected areas (GAA) are characterised by DT \ 8.5°C. Unaffected areas exhibit values[10°C. This allows the exact identification of 37 discharge locations (clusters) along the entire Dead Sea coast, which spatially correspond to available in situ discharge observations. Tracking the GAA extents as a direct indicator of groundwater discharge volume over time reveals (1) a temporal variability correspondence between GAA extents and recharge amounts, (2) the reported rigid ratios of discharge volumes between different spring areas not to be valid for all years considering the total discharge, (3) a certain variability in discharge locations as a consequence of the Dead Sea level drop, and finally (4) the assumed flushing effect of old Dead Sea brines from the sedimentary body to have occurred at least during the two series of

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Section: Western Coastsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Western Coastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Western Coastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Area and Groundwater Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

et al. 2013

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Numerical investigation of coupled density‐driven flow and hydrogeochemical processes below playas

Hamann

Post

Kohfahl

et al. 2015

Water Resources Research

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Numerical modeling approaches with varying complexity were explored to investigate coupled groundwater flow and geochemical processes in saline basins. Long‐term model simulations of a playa system gain insights into the complex feedback mechanisms between density‐driven flow and the spatiotemporal patterns of precipitating evaporites and evolving brines. Using a reactive multicomponent transport model approach, the simulations reproduced, for the first time in a numerical study, the evaporite precipitation sequences frequently observed in saline basins (“bull's eyes”). Playa‐specific flow, evapoconcentration, and chemical divides were found to be the primary controls for the location of evaporites formed, and the resulting brine chemistry. Comparative simulations with the computationally far less demanding surrogate single‐species transport models showed that these were still able to replicate the major flow patterns obtained by the more complex reactive transport simulations. However, the simulated degree of salinization was clearly lower than in reactive multicomponent transport simulations. For example, in the late stages of the simulations, when the brine becomes halite‐saturated, the nonreactive simulation overestimated the solute mass by almost 20%. The simulations highlight the importance of the consideration of reactive transport processes for understanding and quantifying geochemical patterns, concentrations of individual dissolved solutes, and evaporite evolution.

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Natural versus human control on subsurface salt dissolution and development of thousands of sinkholes along the Dead Sea coast

Abelson

Yechieli

Baer

et al. 2017

J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.

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One of the most hazardous results of the human‐induced Dead Sea (DS) shrinkage is the formation of more than 6000 sinkholes over the last 25 years. The DS shrinkage caused eastward retreat of underground brine replaced by fresh groundwater, which in turn dissolved a subsurface salt layer, to generate cavities and collapse sinkholes. The areal growth rate of sinkhole clusters is considered the most pertinent proxy for sinkholes development. Analysis of light detection and ranging, digital elevation models, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar allows translation of the areal growth rate to a salt dissolution rate of the salt layer, revealing two peaks in the history of the salt dissolution rate. These peaks cannot be attributed to the decline of the DS level. Instead, we show that they are related to long‐term variations of precipitation in the groundwater source region, the Judea Mountains, and the delayed response of the aquifer system between the mountains and the DS rift. This response is documented by groundwater levels and salinity variations. We thus conclude that while the DS level decline is the major trigger for sinkholes formation, the rainfall variations more than 30 km to the west dominate their evolution rate. The influence of increasing rainfall in the Judea Mountains reaches the DS at a typical time lag of 4 years, and the resulting increase in the salt dissolution rate lags by a total time of 5–6 years.

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Time response of the water table and saltwater transition zone to a base level drop

Cited by 51 publications

References 20 publications

Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

Localisation and temporal variability of groundwater discharge into the Dead Sea using thermal satellite data

Numerical investigation of coupled density‐driven flow and hydrogeochemical processes below playas

Natural versus human control on subsurface salt dissolution and development of thousands of sinkholes along the Dead Sea coast

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