Time-resolved single-photon detectors: Integration challenges in CMOS technologies

Perenzoni, Matteo; Moreno-García, Manuel; Gasparini, Leonardo; Massari, Nicola

doi:10.1109/icicdt.2018.8399790

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In this paper, a 1Mpixel time-gated SPAD image sensor is reported for the first time. In SPAD research, achieving a megapixel SPAD sensor has been considered one of the most important milestones for over a decade [38,39]. The sensor is applied to high dynamic range 2D imaging and high spatiotemporal resolution 3D imaging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for 2D and 3D imaging applications

Morimoto

Ardelean

et al. 2020

Optica

269

159

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We present the first 1Mpixel SPAD camera ever reported. The camera features 3.8ns time gating and 24kfps frame rate; it was fabricated in 180nm CIS technology. Two pixels have been designed with a pitch of 9.4µm in 7T and 5.75T configurations, respectively, achieving a maximum fill factor of 13.4%. The maximum PDP is 27%, median DCR 2.0cps, variation in gating length 120ps, position skew 410ps, and rise/fall time <550ps, all FWHM at 3.3V of excess bias. The sensor was used to capture 2D/3D scenes over 2m with an LSB of 5.4mm and a precision better than 7.8mm. Extended dynamic range is demonstrated in dual exposure operation mode. Spatially overlapped multi-object detection is experimentally demonstrated in single-photon time-gated ToF for the first time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for 2D and 3D imaging applications

Morimoto

Ardelean

et al. 2020

Optica

269

159

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There are several challenges associated with designing time-resolved SPAD sensors including the detector integration in CMOS, pixel sensitivity and functionality trade-off due to the sophisticated embedded processing and the high data rates associated with complex time-resolved systems [18], [19]. Meeting these challenges becomes harder in the context of designing a miniature sensor where the silicon area is restricted and the data bandwidth is limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A High Dynamic Range 128 × 120 3-D Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy

Erdogan

Abbas

Finlayson

et al. 2022

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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A miniaturized 1.4mm × 1.4mm, 128 × 120 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor with a 5-wire interface is designed for time-resolved fluorescence microendoscopy. This is the first endoscopic chip-on-tip sensor capable of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The sensor provides a novel, compact means to extend the photon counting dynamic range (DR) by partitioning the required bitdepth between in-pixel counters and off-pixel noiseless frame summation. The sensor is implemented in STMicroelectronics 40nm/90nm 3D-stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS process with 8 µm pixels and 45% fill factor. The sensor capabilities are demonstrated through FLIM examples, including ex-vivo human lung tissue, obtained at video rate.

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Time-resolved single-photon detectors: Integration challenges in CMOS technologies

Cited by 2 publications

References 18 publications

Megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for 2D and 3D imaging applications

Megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for 2D and 3D imaging applications

A High Dynamic Range 128 × 120 3-D Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy

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