Time-Resolved Simultaneous SAXS/WAXS of the Drawing of Polyethylene at the Daresbury SRS

Abstract

A system has been developed which represents a significant advance in the quality and extent of small-and wide-angle X-ray scattering data (SAXS and WAXS) that can be recorded simultaneously with strain data during the drawing and annealing of polymer materials. WAXS data are recorded using a Photonic Science charge-coupled-device area detector and SAXS data using a gas-filled multiwire area detector. Strain data, for the region of the specimen from which the SAXS/WAXS data are collected, are calculated from an accurately synchronized continuously recorded video image of the specimen. The system allows X-ray and video image data to be collected as a series of frames with essentially no 'dead-time' between frames. The data are fully two-dimensional and can be collected for a wide range of d spacings. The use of this system to investigate the stress-induced orientation and phase changes during the drawing of a range of grades of commercially available polyethylene is described.

The hydrolytic degradation of polydioxanone (PDSII) sutures. Part II: Micromechanisms of deformation

“…This allows changes in the long period to be correlated directly with the stress‐strain curve, and micromechanisms of deformation to be deduced. This approach has been applied to the deformation in uniaxial tension of several polymeric materials including as polyethylene,1–3 polypropylene4, 5 and poly(ethylene‐terephthalate) 6…”

Micro-SAXS and force/strain measurements during the tensile deformation of single struts of an elastomeric polyurethane foam

“…Recent examples are in the study of structural development processes such as melt crystallization (Terrill et al, 1998;Hsiao et al, 1995), strain-induced crystallization (Mahendrasingam et al, 1999;Blundell et al, 1995) and reactive processing (Elwell et al, 1997;Ryan et al, 1991). Often the development of specialized techniques and sample environments has been necessary, for both wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) (Pople et al, 1997), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) (Bras & and simultaneous SAXS/WAXS (Creagh et al, 1998;Hughes et al, 1996;Ryan et al, 1994).…”

A Two-Dimensional X-ray Scattering System for In-Situ Time-Resolving Studies of Polymer Structures Subjected to Controlled Deformations

“…Recently, novel X-ray scattering systems have been presented by Bras et al (1995) and Hughes et al (1996). Both comprise simultaneous SAXS and WAXS detection systems using two area detectors, and have been employed in the monitoring of shear-induced phase changes and orientation development of polyethylene in uniaxial extension over a wide range of scattering vectors.…”

“…Both comprise simultaneous SAXS and WAXS detection systems using two area detectors, and have been employed in the monitoring of shear-induced phase changes and orientation development of polyethylene in uniaxial extension over a wide range of scattering vectors. The system of Hughes et al (1996) also incorporates a frame-by-frame synchronized video input which allows the sample strain to be calculated, and thus coupled with the structural and orientationai information which can be derived from the contemporary X-ray diffraction patterns.…”