Time-resolved SAXS using continuous-flow microfluidic mixers

Bilsel, Osman; Chakravarthy, Srinivas; Kathuria, Sagar V.; Inguva, Venkatesh; Perot, Blair; Irving, Tom

doi:10.1107/s010876731809551x

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“…32,33 Later, Kaven and co-workers reported in-line Raman spectroscopy for flow reactors. 34 In combination with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), a variety of time-resolved experiments with continuous flow mixers can be found in the literature in systems such as surfactants, 35,36 proteins, 37,38 and microfluidic devices. 36,39,40 To the best of our knowledge, there is not yet any work published about precipitation polymerizations in a fluidic system combined with in-line SAXS.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In earlier works, our group was able to monitor the NIPAM conversion with in situ FTIR spectroscopy in a continuous flow setup and successfully synthesized core–shell architectures. , Later, Kaven and co-workers reported in-line Raman spectroscopy for flow reactors . In combination with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), a variety of time-resolved experiments with continuous flow mixers can be found in the literature in systems such as surfactants, , proteins, , and microfluidic devices. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth of Smart Microgels in a Flow Reactor Scrutinized by In-Line SAXS

et al. 2023

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In this work, a continuous flow setup for in situ investigation of microgel growth with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is established. Poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) (PNNPAM) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels are synthesized in H2O at different residence times inside a continuous flow reactor. The microgels are investigated by in situ SAXS and ex situ photon correlation spectroscopy. The size of the microgels was found to be reproducible in independent experiments with run times of up to 7 h. Already the scattering curves of the microgels with a time of residence of 15 min show a well-defined form factor. Further analysis of the scattering profiles confirms the spherical shape of the microgels. At a residence time of 2 min, the scattering intensity is significantly lower corresponding to a smaller particle size. The experimental conditions remain constant over time, which is crucial for long-time experiments. The PNNPAM system is found to be more suitable for the flow reactor experiment with in-line SAXS as it shows less polymer deposition in the tubing and forms particles with lower polydispersity. The presented reactor is characterized by a compact design and offers a plug-and-play setup close to the sample environment. This work paves the way for investigations of microgel growth at e.g. synchrotron X-ray beamlines.

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