Time-resolved chemical composition of small-scale batch combustion emissions from various wood species

Kortelainen, Miika; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Tiitta, Petri; Tissari, Jarkko; Lamberg, Heikki; Leskinen, Jani; Rodriguez, Julija Grigonyte-Lopez; Koponen, Hanna; Antikainen, Sanna; Nuutinen, Ilpo; Zimmermann, Ralf; Sippula, Olli

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.056

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Furthermore, the flaming phases of the first batches were shorter than those of the following batches of dry spruce or beech fuels. The emission profiles were affected by these batchwise differences, with ignition being the period for enhanced organic emissions, whereas the flaming phase was characterized by an increase in particulate emissions consisting mainly of black carbon, as expected based on previous work (Kortelainen et al, 2018). The char burnout phases with these fuels were characterised by high CO concentrations, whereas in moist spruce combustion elevated CO concentrations were measured throughout the batch, thus making the burnout phases less distinguishable.…”

Section: Combustion Conditionssupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In logwood-fired appliances, there is also a strong variation in the emissions during the different combustion phases of batches, with ignition producing the highest organic emissions (Bhattu et al, 2019;Kortelainen et al, 2018). However, highest black carbon concentrations are emitted during the flaming phase, while the char burnout phase typically emits large amounts of carbon monoxide but low, mainly inorganic particulate emissions (Kortelainen et al, 2018). Combustion conditions also affect the emissions of many toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) (Kim et al, 2013;Orasche et al, 2013), and are consequently strongly linked with the adverse health effects of the emissions (Bølling et al, 2009;Kanashova et al, 2018;Kasurinen et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure

Hartikainen¹,

Tiitta²,

Ihalainen³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Residential wood combustion (RWC) emits large amounts of gaseous and particulate organic aerosol (OA). In the atmosphere, the emission is transformed via oxidative reactions, which are under daylight conditions driven mainly by hydroxyl radicals. This continuing oxidative aging produces secondary OA and may change the health- and climate-related properties of the emission. In this work, emissions from two modern residential logwood combustion appliances were photochemically aged in an oxidation flow reactor with various OH exposure levels, reaching up to 6 × 1011 s cm−3 (equivalent to one week in the atmosphere). Gaseous organic compounds were analysed by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), while particulate OA was analysed online by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and offline by thermal-optical analysis and thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Photochemical reactions increased the mass of particulate organic carbon by a factor of 1.3–3.9. The increase in mass took place during the first atmospheric equivalent day of aging, after which the enhancement was independent of the extent of photochemical exposure. However, aging increased the oxidation state of the particulate OA linearly throughout the assessed range, with ∆H:C/∆O:C slopes between −0.17 and −0.49 in van Krevelen space. Aging led to an increase in acidic fragmentation products in both phases. For the volatile organic compounds measured by PTR-ToF-MS, the formation of small carbonylic compounds combined with the rapid degradation of primary volatile organic compounds such as aromatic compounds led to a continuous increase in both the O:C and H:C ratios. Overall, the share of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in particles degraded rapidly during aging, although some oxygen-substituted PACs, most notably naphthaldehydic acid, increased, in particular during relatively short exposures. Similarly, the concentrations of particulate nitrophenols rose extensively during the first atmospheric equivalent day. During continuous photochemical aging, the dominant reaction mechanisms shifted from the initial gas phase functionalisation/condensation to the transformation of the particulate OA by further oxidation reactions and fragmentation. The observed continuous transformation of OA composition throughout a broad range of OH exposures indicates that the entire atmospheric lifetime of the emission, from fresh to shortly aged to long-term aged emission (representative of long-range transported pollutants), needs to be explored to fully assess the potential climate and health effects of OA emissions.

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Section: Combustion Conditionssupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure

Hartikainen¹,

Tiitta²,

Ihalainen³

et al. 2019

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Thus, literature values vary remarkably and are not fully comparable to each other. When compared to other Finnish appliance types (masonry heaters), conventional masonry heaters have PM 1 concentrations between 28 and 464 mg/Nm 3 whereas from modern masonry heaters, concentrations are lower, 34-100 mg/Nm 3 [9][10][11]32,[34][35][36]. Thus, the emission levels from least emitting SS are rather low, in the same order of magnitude as in modern log wood combustion appliances.…”

Section: Pm 1 Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In this study, real time organic particle measurements that could further reveal the mechanisms behind this phenomenon were not possible. However, according to previous studies, particulate organic matter is mainly emitted during the ignition phase and especially after the addition of wood logs in batch combustion processes (e.g., [36]).…”

Section: Oc and Pah Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fine Particle Emissions from Sauna Stoves: Effects of Combustion Appliance and Fuel, and Implications for the Finnish Emission Inventory

et al. 2019

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Sauna Stoves (SS) are simple wood combustion appliances used mainly in Nordic countries. They generate emissions that have an impact on air quality and climate. In this study, a new measurement concept for comparing the operation, thermal efficiency, and real-life fine particle and gaseous emissions of SS was utilized. In addition, a novel, simple, and universal emission calculation procedure for the determination of nominal emission factors was developed for which the equations are presented for the first time. Fine particle and gaseous concentrations from 10 different types of SS were investigated. It was found that each SS model was an individual in relation to stove performance: stove heating time, air-to-fuel ratio, thermal efficiency, and emissions. Nine-fold differences in fine particle mass (PM1) concentrations, and about 90-fold differences in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found between the SS, when dry (11% moisture content) birch wood was used. By using moist (18%) wood, particle number and carbon monoxide concentrations increased, but interestingly, PM1, PAH, and black carbon (BC) concentrations clearly decreased, when comparing to dry wood. E.g., PAH concentrations were 5.5–9.6 times higher with dry wood than with moist wood. Between wood species, 2–3-fold maximum differences in the emissions were found, whereas about 1.5-fold differences were observed between bark-containing and debarked wood logs. On average, the emissions measured in this study were considerably lower than in previous studies and emission inventories. This suggests that overall the designs of sauna stoves available on the market have improved during the 2010s. The findings of this study were used to update the calculation scheme behind the inventories, causing the estimates for total PM emissions from SS in Finland to decrease. However, wood-fired sauna stoves are still estimated to be the highest individual emission source of fine particles and black carbon in Finland.

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Black carbon emissions from modern automated cordwood stoves for space heating

Lindberg

Trojanowski

Butcher

et al. 2023

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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Wood burning stove design is improving as regulation become stricter for particulate matter emissions. This study describes results of black carbon (BC) emissions from three modern automated wood stoves when tested in common failure modes using a test protocol that included cold-starts, high and low fuel loading densities, and use of overly large pieces of fuel. Emission sampling was performed using a dilution sampling system in tandem with an aethalometer to measure BC with high time resolution. Results show that the time-weighted average BC emission rates were 0.91, 4.30, and 1.74 g/h for the three stoves tested (A, B, and C respectively), the values, both higher and lower than the United States 2020 certification test emission limit of 2.5 g/h. The results demonstrate good performance overall, given the rigorous nature of the testing protocol used. The aethalometer data showed that the performance was relatively poor during cold-start, when the fuel was ignited and combusted without a coalbed, and when stoves failed to optimize air delivery due to specific loading and output conditions. During the cold-start test section, the average BC emission rate was seven times higher than the overall average for Stove A, 10 times above the average for Stove B, and two times above the average emission rate for Stove C. Calculations of the Average Angstrom Absorption Exponent (AAE) of the exhaust aerosol showed little correlation with BC concentration. The results show that automation results in a quantifiable reduction in particular BC emissions.

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Time-resolved chemical composition of small-scale batch combustion emissions from various wood species

Cited by 33 publications

References 39 publications

Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure

Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure

Fine Particle Emissions from Sauna Stoves: Effects of Combustion Appliance and Fuel, and Implications for the Finnish Emission Inventory

Black carbon emissions from modern automated cordwood stoves for space heating

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