Time Outdoors, Visual Activity, and Myopia Progression in Juvenile-Onset Myopes

Jones‐Jordan, Lisa A.; Sinnott, Loraine T.; Cotter, Susan A.; Kleinstein, Robert N.; Manny, Ruth E.; Mutti, Donald O.; Twelker, J. Daniel; Zadnik, Karla

doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8336

Cited by 188 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…2,3 Recent studies indicate that increases in time spent outdoors are an important modifiable environmental factor that has a protective effect on the risk of developing myopia in children. [4][5][6][7][8] Such an association is evident because extending outdoor exposure time led to declines from 23% to 50% in the onset of myopia and inhibited myopia progression in elementary school children. 4,5 Light intensity is a variable affecting this process because on a clear day it can be 31000 greater than artificial indoor light.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bright Light Suppresses Form-Deprivation Myopia Development With Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the ON Pathway in Retina

Chen

Zhi

Ruan

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Chen S, Zhi Z, Ruan Q, et al. Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development with activation of dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the ON pathway in retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:230658: -231658: . DOI:10.1167 PURPOSE. To determine whether dopamine receptor D1 (D1R) signaling pathway activation by bright light (BL) in specific retinal neuronal cell types contributes to inhibiting formdeprivation myopia (FDM) in mice.METHODS. Mice (3-weeks old) were raised under either normal light (NL: 100-200 lux) or BL (2500-5000 lux) conditions with or without form deprivation. Refraction changes were evaluated with an eccentric infrared photorefractor, and ocular axial components with optical coherence tomography. The D1R antagonist, SCH39166, was intraperitoneally injected daily to evaluate if BL mediates declines in FDM development through D1R activation. Six different biomarkers of retinal neuronal types delineated differential distribution of D1R expression. cFos and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase (p-TH) immunofluorescent staining evaluated D1R receptor activation and dopamine synthesis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Bright light increases D1R activity in the BCs of the ON pathway, which is associated with less myopic shift and ocular elongation than those occurring in NL. These declines suggest that increased D1R activity in the ON pathway contributes to the BL suppression of FDM development in mice.

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confidence: 99%

Bright Light Suppresses Form-Deprivation Myopia Development With Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the ON Pathway in Retina

Chen

Zhi

Ruan

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…In addition, it has been shown that in comparison with ordinary indoor lighting levels, elevated lighting promotes low degrees of hyperopia, whereas dim lighting levels that are sufficient to maintain normal circadian rhythms promote ocular enlargement and myopia. 18 Many recent investigations of the effects of elevated ambient lighting [19][20][21][22][23] were motivated by epidemiologic observations in children that indicate that time spent outdoors is protective against the onset of myopia in children [24][25][26] and suggest that the antimyopia effects of outdoor environments are in part due to the fact that outdoor lighting levels are typically about 100 times higher than ordinary indoor lighting. This line of investigations has also strongly implicated retinal dopaminergic mechanisms in the visual regulation of ocular growth.…”

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confidence: 99%

Visual regulation of refractive development: insights from animal studies

Smith

Hung

Arumugam

2013

Eye

100

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Investigations employing animal models have demonstrated that ocular growth and refractive development are regulated by visual feedback. In particular, lens compensation experiments in which treatment lenses are used to manipulate the eye's effective refractive state have shown that emmetropization is actively regulated by signals produced by optical defocus. These observations in animals are significant because they indicate that it should be possible to use optical treatment strategies to influence refractive development in children, specifically to slow the rate of myopia progression. This review highlights some of the optical performance properties of the vision-dependent mechanisms that regulate refractive error development, especially those that are likely to influence the efficacy of optical treatment strategies for myopia. In this respect, the results from animal studies have been very consistent across species; however, to facilitate extrapolation to clinical settings, results are presented primarily for nonhuman primates. In agreement with preliminary clinical trials, the experimental data show that imposed myopic defocus can slow ocular growth and that treatment strategies that influence visual signals over a large area of the retina are likely to be most effective. Eye (2014) 28, 180-188; doi:10.1038/eye.2013.277; published online 13 December 2013Keywords: myopia; hyperopia; defocus; emmetropization Curtin 1 credits Kepler with being one of the first vision scientists to recognize the association between near work and myopia and for hypothesizing that myopia was an adaptation to near work. Although these seminal observations (circa 1610) have been replicated numerous times and much has been learnt about potential risk factors for the development of common forms of myopia, centuries of research on myopia in humans have failed to provide a clear indication of what it is about near work that promotes the development of myopia or to identify the physiological mechanisms that promote myopia in children as a result of chronic near work. However, beginning in the 1960s, research employing animal models was greatly expanded and began to provide new insights into the effects of visual experience on ocular growth and refractive development.The nature of the visual manipulations that have been employed to characterize refractive development in animals fall into three broad categories. The first category involved either natural or imposed restrictions in viewing distance and was largely motivated by the near work hypothesis. For example, comparisons of refractive errors between feral and domesticated or laboratory-reared animals supported the idea that environments that restrict viewing distance are myopiagenic. 2,3 However, these studies suffered from many of the same confounding issues associated with human studies. 4 A more controlled line of research was begun by Levinsohn 5 and continued most notably by Young, 6-9 who demonstrated that monkeys reared in environments with a maximum viewing distance o...

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“…Основ-ными патогенетическими механизмами прогрессирова-ния миопии являются наследственный фактор [16][17][18], изменения аккомодации и конвергенции [4][5][6][7], наруше-ния соединительнотканного строения склеры и гемоди-намики [4,8,9]. Кроме того, в возникновении миопии в настоящее время большое значение придается теории периферического ретинального дефокуса [10][11][12] и фак-торам окружающей среды [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

The Effectiveness of Different Optical Correction Methods in Children and Adolescents with Progressive Myopia Based on a Comparative Evaluation of the Accommodation and Axial Length of Eyes

Ситка¹,

Бодрова²,

Поздеева³

2018

Ophthalmology in Russia

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Objective: to determine optimal method of progressive myopia optical correction in children and adolescents.Patients and methods. Conducted 5-year prospective clinical and instrumental examination of 494 children with myopia using orthokeratology lenses, soft contact lenses and glasses. 61 children (the average age 11.7 ± 2.36 years) with myopia –2.87 ± 1.1 D and astigmatism –0.58 ± 0.27 D used orthokeratological lens. 92 children (the average age 12.8 ± 1.51 years) with myopia –3.66 ± 1.07 D, astigmatism –0.53 ± 0.18 D wore soft contact lens. 79 children (the average age 11.52 ± 1.78 years) with myopia –1.59 ± 1.08 D, astigmatism –0.71 ± 0.54 D used glasses with monofocal lenses, with full correction. The control group consisted of 249 children (the average age 9.1 ± 1.14 years) with initial emmetropia. Determination of refraction, subjective and objective determination of accommodation, and axial length of the eye (“IOL-master”) was conducted in children.Results. The maximum progression of myopia was observed in younger children (8–9 years). Correction of myopia with orthokeratology lenses (OKLs) was accompanied by the lowest dynamics of changes in axial length (axial elongation 0,44 ± 0,32 mm) compared to the correction with soft contact lenses (SCLs) (axial elongation 0,73 ± 0,36 mm), spectacle correction (axial elongation 1,39 ± 0,47 mm) and the control group (axial elongation 0,6 ± 0,41 mm). In all children with myopia, at the beginning of the study, there were reduced values reserve of relative accommodation and an objective accommodative response. Correction of myopia with OKLs (p = 0,0002) and SCLs (p = 0,036) provides the normalization of subjective and objective reserve indication of relative accommodation in both age group in comparison of spectacles correction.Conclusion. Correction with orthokeratology lens in children with progressive myopia contributes to the minimum growth length of the eye. Correction of myopia OKLs and MKL improves of subjective and objective indicators of relative accommodation reserve.

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Time Outdoors, Visual Activity, and Myopia Progression in Juvenile-Onset Myopes

Abstract: Despite protective associations previously reported for time outdoors reducing the risk of myopia onset, outdoor/sports activity was not associated with less myopia progression following onset. Near work also had little meaningful effect on the rate of myopia progression.

Cited by 188 publications

References 37 publications

Bright Light Suppresses Form-Deprivation Myopia Development With Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the ON Pathway in Retina

Bright Light Suppresses Form-Deprivation Myopia Development With Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the ON Pathway in Retina

Visual regulation of refractive development: insights from animal studies

The Effectiveness of Different Optical Correction Methods in Children and Adolescents with Progressive Myopia Based on a Comparative Evaluation of the Accommodation and Axial Length of Eyes

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