Time Orientation in the United States, China, and Mexico

Abstract

The study details the psychometric properties of a time orientation scale initially developed in the United States and examines this scale not only in the United States but in two trading partners with maximally different time orientations, China and Mexico. The scale is compared across the three countries by examining the number of factors that emerge, the types of items that load on each factor, and the relationship between the factors and innovativeness and delay of gratification. The results indicate that these factors relate differently to innovativeness and delay of gratification. Managerial implications for promotional campaign adaptations for new products/brands, credit purchases, and financial investments are discussed. [Article copies availablefora feefromTheHaworth DocumentDeliveryService:1-800-342-9678.

The Relationship Between Future Time Perspective and Self-Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study of Chinese and American College Students

“…In traditional societies, the past and present are more important than the future, and this effect is more salient in cultures with an agricultural or nomadic-based economy (McInerney et al, 1997). For example, studies have shown that North Americans have a strong future orientation (Spears et al, 2001), whereas the Chinese are predominantly past-oriented (Brislin and Kim, 2003). However, such comparisons shed light on preferences for time orientations (e.g., past vs. future) within a single culture, but provide less information about how preferences differ between two or more cultures (Gao, 2016).…”

Cultural Asymmetry Between Perceptions of Past and Future Personal Change

“…Culture shapes the way people process time information. Compared to Western cultures, Chinese culture is believed to be primarily past oriented (Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, 1961; Spears et al., 2000; Brislin and Kim, 2003; Ji et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2012). Compared to Westerners, Chinese considered information pertaining to the past as being more relevant to solving present problems (Ji et al., 2009), emphasized more on traditions and being historical in TV commercials (Cheng and Schweitzer, 1996), and valued past events relatively more than future ones (Guo et al., 2012).…”

Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process Framework to Study Bank Selection Criteria of Students in Institute of Professional Studies in Ghana

“…Case study approach (Yin, 2003) is more appropriate. We follow the examples of Spears et al (2001), Cunningham et al (2006) and Blankson et al (2007) in adopting the student cohort as the empirical context for this study. Whilst others have argued that students cannot be considered as cohorts, Thwaites and Vere (1995) have pointed out the special features and importance of the undergraduate market in the eyes of bankers because of their potential.…”