Time-of-flight electron spectrometer for a broad range of kinetic energies

Abstract

A newly constructed time-of-flight electron spectrometer of the magnetic bottle type is characterized for electron detection in a broad range of kinetic energies. The instrument is designed to measure the energy spectra of electrons generated from liquids excited by strong laser fields and photons in the range of extreme ultra violet and soft X-rays. Argon inner shell electrons were recorded to calibrate the spectrometer and investigate its characteristics, such as energy resolution and collection efficiency. Its energy resolution ∆E/E of 1.6 % allows resolving the Ar 2p spin orbit structure at kinetic energies higher than 100 eV. The collection efficiency is determined and compared to that of the spectrometer in its field-free configuration.

Monochromatization of femtosecond XUV light pulses with the use of reflection zone plates

“…The spectrometer characteristics are given in [29]. The refocussing mirror was mounted on a stage which, similar to the ZP stage, could be adjusted in three translational and three rotational dimensions.…”

Charge transfer to solvent dynamics in iodide aqueous solution studied at ionization threshold

“…Nevertheless, the fit of Gaussian functions to asymmetric peaks yielded FWHM values which are in good agreement with values obtained from a manual estimation of widths. [127]. Figure 18 shows the energy resolution obtained for both the magnetic-bottle and the field-free spectrometer configurations in the range from 5 to 750 eV.…”

“…In the region of a constant magnetic field strength the TOF t TOF is given (9) nozzle to introduce the sample. From [127].…”

“…The results of this normalization are shown in Figure 19 by open circles, and demonstrate an excellent agreement between the measured and the calculated energy dependencies of T obtained for the field-free • of the field-free spectrometer is depicted by a solid line. From [127]. spectrometer configuration.…”

Photoelectron spectrometer for attosecond spectroscopy of liquids and gases

“…Since the solvent is a minor restriction, any kind of solute from salts over transition metal complexes to nanoparticles can be studied, the photoelectron signal being mainly determined by the solubility and surface-affinity of the target compound and the sensitivity being often limited by the overlap with the solvent photoelectron spectrum. Recently, several groups have presented experimental setups combining liquid microjets with a photoelectron spectrometer, mostly using synchrotron radiation [21][22][23] or sum-frequency generation Photoelectron spectrometer for attosecond spectroscopy of liquids and gases 2 from laser radiation 5,24,25 to ionize water and solvated molecules. Also, first photoelectron spectra have been reported using a high-harmonic radiation source 26,27 .…”