Time‐of‐day variations in oculomotor function: 1. Tonic accommodation and tonic vergence

Amerson, Thomas L.; Mershon, Donald H.

doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01178.x

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies have shown that accommodation experiences daily fluctuations. [19][20][21] Our results are in line with Park et al, 19 because both studies have observed changes in accommodative amplitude values throughout day. However, Park et al 19 found an accommodative amplitude peak for 20-year-old participants in the afternoon, and we obtained an accommodative amplitude peak in the morning.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Only tonic accommodation in the absence of visual stimuli has shown diurnal variations when objectively measured with a refractometer. 20,21,29 Here, we observed that the magnitude of the accommodative response was higher in the morning, and it decreased throughout the day. This behavior was observed for all the tested distances, showing greater statistically accommodative differences from the morning to evening at the closest distance (morning to evening accommodative magnitude: 20 cm, 0.2 D; 40 cm, 0.12 D; far, 0.15 D).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…19 In addition, tonic accommodation has shown to be affected by diurnal variations. 20,21 Viewing near targets is accompanied by ocular accommodation, pupil miosis, and convergence. These three actions are commonly referred to as the near response or near triad, and they allow to focus the near target on the retina, increase the depth of focus, and align the eyes with the near target, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Diurnal Variation in Accommodation, Binocular Vergence, and Pupil Size

Redondo,

Serramito,

Vera

et al. 2023

Optom Vis Sci

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Significance Our results show significant diurnal variations in accommodative function and the magnitude of the phoria. Therefore, when comparing visual measures in clinical or laboratory settings, performing the visual examination at the same time of day (±1 h) is encouraged. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the accommodation, binocular vergence, and pupil behavior on three different times during the day. Methods Twenty collegiate students (22.8 ± 2.1 years) participated in this study. Participants visited the laboratory on three different days at two-hourly intervals (morning: 9:00–11:00 AM; afternoon: 2:00- 4.00 PM; evening: 7.00-9.00 PM). The binocular vergence and accommodative function was measured using clinical optometric procedures, and the accommodative response and pupil function were evaluated in binocular conditions using the WAM-5500 auto refractometer. Results The accommodative amplitude for the right and left eyes showed statistically significant differences for the time interval (P = .001; P = .02, respectively), revealing higher accommodative amplitude in the morning and afternoon in comparison to the evening. Participants were more esophoric when assessed in the morning in comparison with the evening at far and near (P = .02, P = .01, respectively), and when assessed in the afternoon in comparison with the evening at far distance (P = .02). The magnitude of accommodative response was higher in the morning, and it decreased throughout the day at 500 cm (P < .001), 40 cm (P = .05) and 20 cm (P < .001). No statistically significant differences were obtained for any other variable. Conclusions This study shows small diurnal variations in some accommodative and binocular vergence parameters, but no effects were observed for the pupil response. These outcomes are of special relevance for eye care specialists when performing repeated accommodative or binocular vergence measures. However, the diurnal variations were modest and may not influence a routine orthoptic examination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diurnal Variation in Accommodation, Binocular Vergence, and Pupil Size

Redondo,

Serramito,

Vera

et al. 2023

Optom Vis Sci

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“…A recent study of day length changes in tonic accommodation shows that the amount of accommodation decreases from the morning to the beginning of the evening and approaches the morning value near the evening, and subsequently, there is an increase in the late evening [12]. Also, the effect of lighting on phoria, tonic accommodation during the day, and the use of different tools in measuring phoria have been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal Variations of Exophoria in Subjects With Normal Vision

Saba

Nasrabad²,

Aleshi³

et al. 2022

FDJ

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Background and Objectives: We aimed to investigate the variation of heterophoria during a day in students with a normal visual system. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 15 students aged 19 to 22 years with 20/20 visual acuity and normal binocular vision. Heterophoria was measured with a prism bar and alternate cover test at near and far distances (40 cm and 6 m). The measurement was performed from 8 to 10 PM in one day with 2 hours intervals. Results: The Mean±SD age of students was 21.6±0.87 years (63% women and 37% men). The mean deviation in far and near order was 1.93 and 3.75 prism diopter, respectively. The Greenhouse-Geisser test concluded no significant difference between the measurements of distant heterophoria during the day (F=1.362, df=3.066, P=0.267). However, the near-distance results were significant (F=15.17, df=7, P˂0.05). The paired t-test results showed that the highest amount of exophoria was observed near 4 PM, which was significantly different from the initial value, and the difference increases at the end of the day so that the mean difference of the initial near exophoria value from 4 to 10 PM reached from -1.254 to -3.508. Conclusion: Changes in refractive error or high order aberration increase near work and decrease the illumination during a day can induce force on accommodation and vergence. So, at the end of the day, the exophoria increases. Thus, it is preferable to perform eye examinations at the end of the day to make more accurate decisions about the diagnosis and treatment of patients.

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“…Whilst differences in the mean value of pre-task DF have been demonstrated with respect to the form of optometer used, it is unclear whether these variations influence the post-task shift in DF recorded following a period of sustained fixation. A recent study by Amerson and Mershon (1988) used a laser optometer to measure variations in DF with time of day. They noted the observations of Post, Johnson and Owens (1985) and Bullimore, Gilmartin and Hogan (1986) but suggested that the instrument remained valid to assess changes in D F if not the absolute values of accommodation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of accommodative adaptation using laser and infra‐red optometers

Rosenfield

1989

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Previous investigations have reported differences in the rate of decay of accommodative adaptation depending on the form of optometer used to assess dark-focus (DF). This study has used both laser and infra-red optometers to measure pre- and post-task values of DF in 10 subjects. DF was assessed before and immediately after an 8 min near-vision task performed at the subjective near-point of accommodation. Examination of the data from the two optometers revealed significant differences in both magnitude and distribution of pre-task DF. Additionally variations in the post- to pre-task shift in DF were observed between the two methods of assessment. Using the laser optometer, six subjects exhibited positive adaptation following the near-task which was not apparent with the infra-red optometer. The data suggest that both instruments may not be sampling open-loop accommodation; the laser optometer is particularly vulnerable to extraneous influences.

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Time‐of‐day variations in oculomotor function: 1. Tonic accommodation and tonic vergence

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Diurnal Variation in Accommodation, Binocular Vergence, and Pupil Size

Diurnal Variation in Accommodation, Binocular Vergence, and Pupil Size

Diurnal Variations of Exophoria in Subjects With Normal Vision

Comparison of accommodative adaptation using laser and infra‐red optometers

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